Shocks, Superconvergence, and a Stringy Equivalence Principle

We study propagation of a probe particle through a series of closely situated gravitational shocks. We argue that in any UV-complete theory of gravity the result does not depend on the shock ordering - in other words, coincident gravitational shocks commute. Shock commutativity leads to nontrivial constraints on low-energy effective theories. In particular, it excludes non-minimal gravitational couplings unless extra degrees of freedom are judiciously added. In flat space, these constraints are encoded in the vanishing of a certain "superconvergence sum rule." In AdS, shock commutativity becomes the statement that average null energy (ANEC) operators commute in the dual CFT. We prove commutativity of ANEC operators in any unitary CFT and establish sufficient conditions for commutativity of more general light-ray operators. Superconvergence sum rules on CFT data can be obtained by inserting complete sets of states between light-ray operators. In a planar 4d CFT, these sum rules express (a-c)/c in terms of the OPE data of single-trace operators.Comment: 93 pages plus appendice

CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATELETS AND LEUKOCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HYDROGEN SULFIDE DONOR

The aim of the research. The influence of hydrogen sulphide donor on some structural characteristics of platelets and leukocytes in patients with arterial hypertension was studied. Materials and methods. The survey involved patients (men) with hypertension aged 30–60 years, who were divided into 2 age groups: 30–40 years and 40–60 years. Control groups (healthy men without signs of hypertension) were randomized by age. Electron microscopic and morphometric research methods were used in the investigation. Results. Electron microscopic and morphometric evaluation of the structure of these cells has shown that it undergoes significant changes depending on patient’s age. In the persons of the older age group, the cells contained a reduced number of dense δ-granules and increased – α-granules, which may indicate an impaired serotonin balance and increased susceptibility to thrombogenesis. The younger age group presented structural changes in platelets in a reversed order. Adding hydrogen sulphide donor at a dose of 400 mg per day (phytopreparation Full Spectrum Garlic – Swanson Health Products, USA) to the traditional therapy of arterial hypertension leads to positive changes in the ultrastructure of the studied cells aimed at restoring the balance of serotonin, reducing the tendency to thrombogenesis, increasing the energy capacity of the mitochondrial apparatus. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate that detected effects significantly depend on the patient’s age (younger people respond more intensively) and the duration of the use of hydrogen sulphide donor (longer use is accompanied by more pronounced positive changes)

Entrepreneurial potential of rural territories as an object of scientific research

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the prospects of theoretical, methodological and applied provision of entrepreneurial potential of rural areas taking into account the current trends in the development of socio-economic-territorial systems. Methodology / approach. The methodological basis of the research is the abstract-logical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, by means of which theoretical generalizations of the concepts of the entrepreneurial potential of territories, classification of periods of their development and transformations were made. Results. The need to study the problems of entrepreneurial potential of rural areas is due to the lack of experience and knowledge of the leaders of various organizations, heads of private peasant farms in relation to its formation and reproduction, the implementation of business communications, inadequate methodological and applied to ensure its adaptation to the existing conditions of territorial development. The article analyzes the content of the economic category «entrepreneurial potential of rural territories», identifies the preconditions for forming the theoretical basis of entrepreneurial potential of rural territories, identifies the stages of its evolution and outlines the prospects for its theoretical, methodological and applied support. Originality / scientific novelty. The originality of the research is determined by the classification of the evolution of the concept of entrepreneurial potential of rural territories with the allocation of six stages, in which there is a manifestation of causal relationships of economic development of territories with entrepreneurial activity, oriented on the economic growth of socio-economic-territorial systems. Practical value / implications. The significance of the research is due to the prospects of the theoretical, methodological and applied provision of entrepreneurial potential of rural areas in particular, considering its integration (aggregate) features, the resource component, the environment for its reproduction, the effective use of institutional, managerial, and endogenous potentials

Functional Identification of Catalytic Metal Ion Binding Sites within RNA

The viability of living systems depends inextricably on enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl transfer reactions. For many enzymes in this class, including several ribozymes, divalent metal ions serve as obligate cofactors. Understanding how metal ions mediate catalysis requires elucidation of metal ion interactions with both the enzyme and the substrate(s). In the Tetrahymena group I intron, previous work using atomic mutagenesis and quantitative analysis of metal ion rescue behavior identified three metal ions (MA, MB, and MC) that make five interactions with the ribozyme substrates in the reaction's transition state. Here, we combine substrate atomic mutagenesis with site-specific phosphorothioate substitutions in the ribozyme backbone to develop a powerful, general strategy for defining the ligands of catalytic metal ions within RNA. In applying this strategy to the Tetrahymena group I intron, we have identified the pro-SP phosphoryl oxygen at nucleotide C262 as a ribozyme ligand for MC. Our findings establish a direct connection between the ribozyme core and the functionally defined model of the chemical transition state, thereby extending the known set of transition-state interactions and providing information critical for the application of the recent group I intron crystallographic structures to the understanding of catalysis.</p

Transverse spin in the light-ray OPE

We study a product of null-integrated local operators O1 and O2 on the same null plane in a CFT. Such null-integrated operators transform like primaries in a fictitious d−2 dimensional CFT in the directions transverse to the null integrals. We give a complete description of the OPE in these transverse directions. The terms with low transverse spin are light-ray operators with spin J1+J2−1. The terms with higher transverse spin are primary descendants of light-ray operators with higher spins J1+J2−1+n, constructed using special conformally-invariant differential operators that appear precisely in the kinematics of the light-ray OPE. As an example, the OPE between average null energy operators contains light-ray operators with spin 3 (as described by Hofman and Maldacena), but also novel terms with spin 5,7,9, etc.. These new terms are important for describing energy two-point correlators in non-rotationally-symmetric states, and for computing multi-point energy correlators. We check our formulas in a non-rotationally-symmetric energy correlator in N=4 SYM, finding perfect agreement

Transverse spin in the light-ray OPE

We study a product of null-integrated local operators O1 and O2 on the same null plane in a CFT. Such null-integrated operators transform like primaries in a fictitious d−2 dimensional CFT in the directions transverse to the null integrals. We give a complete description of the OPE in these transverse directions. The terms with low transverse spin are light-ray operators with spin J1+J2−1. The terms with higher transverse spin are primary descendants of light-ray operators with higher spins J1+J2−1+n, constructed using special conformally-invariant differential operators that appear precisely in the kinematics of the light-ray OPE. As an example, the OPE between average null energy operators contains light-ray operators with spin 3 (as described by Hofman and Maldacena), but also novel terms with spin 5,7,9, etc.. These new terms are important for describing energy two-point correlators in non-rotationally-symmetric states, and for computing multi-point energy correlators. We check our formulas in a non-rotationally-symmetric energy correlator in N=4 SYM, finding perfect agreement