Processus brevior coram Episcopo - Does any bishop is competent to issue the sentence about the nullity of marriage in the briefer matrimonial process?

The Pope Francis’ 2015 reform of declaring the nullity procedures introduced a new process which is briefer than the ordinary process and have brought the followers closer to the church structures. The new form of this procedure has contributed to it considerably: briefer process – processus brevior. The Supreme legislator appoints a bishop the sole competent person to make a judgement within this process. The purpose of this article was to indicate the entities competent to perform the function of a judge in the briefer process. The fundamental question was this: is the ordination of a bishop a requirement to hold such a function? and thus whether every ordinated bishop may be iudex in the processus brevior. Another question was whether a clergyman who was not ordained may conduct such a process. This article shows that the legislator’s will, despite the nomenclature used in Motu proprio, is completely different. The Bishop of Rome has linked the functions of a single judge in the briefer process to the office of the head of a particular church. It shows that the iudex function in processus brevior is not of sacramental nature. A particular church is above all a diocese headed by a diocesan bishop. The legal order in the Latin church anticipates that other territorial and personal structures are equal to a diocese. Their governors are equal by law to a diocesan bishop. If they have judicial powers in scope of marriages, they are competent to conduct a briefer process. In some cases the governors of the particular churches, which are equal by law to a diocese, are not elevated to the rank of a bishop. Not being ordinated to a bishop, however, does not make them incapable of being iudex in the processus brevior coram Episcopo!Reforma procesu o stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa dokonana w 2015 roku przez papieża Franciszka przyczyniła się do skrócenia procedury procesowej oraz przybliżyła wiernych do struktur kościelnych. Znacząco do tego przyczyniła się nowa forma procedury: proces skrócony – processus brevior. Najwyższy Ustawodawca ustanawia biskupa jedynym kompetentnym podmiotem do sądzenia w tym procesie. Celem niniejszego artykułu było wskazanie podmiotów kompetentnych do pełnienia funkcji sędziego w procesie skróconym. Fundamentalnym pytaniem było: czy wymogiem do pełnienia tego zadania są święcenia biskupie, a zatem: czy każdy wyświęcony biskup może być iudex w processus brevior? Nasunęło się również inne pytanie: czy duchowni niemający święceń biskupich mogą prowadzić taki proces? Niniejszy artykuł ukazuje, że wola ustawodawcy, mimo nomenklatury używanej w Motu proprio jest zupełnie inna. Biskup Rzymski powiązał funkcje jednoosobowego sędziego w procesie skróconym z urzędem głowy Kościoła partykularnego. Pokazuje to, że funkcja iudex w processus brevior nie ma zakorzenia w charakterze sakramentalnym. Kościołem partykularnym jest przede wszystkim diecezja, na czele której stoi biskup diecezjalny. Porządek prawny w Kościele łacińskim przewiduje, że z diecezją zrównane są również inne struktury terytorialne i personalne. Ich rządcy są zrównani w prawie z biskupem diecezjalnym. Jeśli posiadają władzę sądowniczą w zakresie małżeńskim, są kompetentnymi podmiotami do prowadzenia procesu skróconego. W niektórych przypadkach rządcy Kościołów partykularnych zrównanych w prawie z diecezją nie są wynoszeni do godności biskupiej. Jednak brak święceń biskupich nie czyni niezdolnymi powyższe podmioty do bycia iudex w processus brevior coram Episcopo!KAMIL KRAKOWSKI – ks. mgr teologii, absolwent Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego w Płocku i Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie (magisterium z teologii – 2012), student prawa kanonicznego porównawczego w Międzynarodowym Instytucie Prawa Kanonicznego DiReCom przy Fakultecie Teologicznym w Lugano (Szwajcaria), student III roku studiów licencjackich z prawa kanonicznego w Fakultecie Prawa Kanonicznego św. Piusa X w Wenecji (Włochy).Facoltà di Diritto Canonico San Pio X, VeneziaBenedictus Pp. XVI, Konstytucja Apstolska Anglicanorum coetibus, (04.11.2009), AAS 101 (2009).Ejeh B.N., «Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus»: obbiettivi, novitá e alcune questioni, „Ephemerides Iuris Canonici – Nuova Serie, 56 (2016) n. 2.Francesco, Udienza ai partecipanti al corso di formazione promosso da Tribunale della Rota Romana, 12.03.2016, http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2016/03/12/0181/00384.html (22-01-2017).Franciscus Pp., Lettera Apostolica Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus in forma di Motu proprio, sulla riforma del processo canonico per le cause di dichiarazione di nullita del matrimonio nel Codice di Diritto Canonico, AAS 107 Pars IX (2015).Góralski W ., Kościelne prawo małżeńskie, Warszawa 2006.Góralski W ., Proces małżeński skrócony przed biskupem, Płock 2017.Góralski W ., Wprowadzenie do motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, [w:] J. Krajczyński red., Proces małżeński według motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, Płock 2015.Greszata-Telusiewicz M., Processus brevior, [w:] J. Krajczyński red., Proces małżeński według motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, Płock 2015.Ioannes Paulus Pp. II, Allocutio ad Rotam Romanam, (29.01.2005), AAS 97 (2005).Ioannes Paulus Pp. II, Codex Iuris Canonici, AAS LXXV Pars II (1983).Ioannes Paulus Pp. II, Konstytucja Apostolska Spirituali militum curae, (21.04.1986), AAS 78 (1986).Llobell J., Alcune questioni comuni ai tre processi per la dichiarazione di nullitá del matrimonio previsti dal m.p. Mitis Iudex, „Ius Ecclessiale” 28 (1/2016).Llobell J., I tribunali delle circoscizioni personali latine, „Il Diritto Ecclesiastico” 113/1 (2002).Malecha P., Odpowiedzialność biskupa diecezjalnego w procesie sądowym małżeńskim po ogłoszeniu motu proprio Mitis Iudex papieża Franciszka, „Ius Matrimoniale” 3 (2016).Mingardi M., Il ruolo del vescovo diocesano, [w:] Redazione di Quaderni di diritto ecclesiale red., La riforma dei processi matrimoniali di Papa Francesco, Milano 2016.Paolo VI, Motu proprio Catholica Ecclesia, (23.04.1976), AAS 68 (1976).Pinto P.V., La riforma del processo matrimoniale per la dichiarazione di nullitá, „L’Osservatore Romano”, 9 settembre 2015.Pius Pp. XII, Allocutio ad Rotam Romanam, (01.02.1942), AAS 34 (1942).Pontificium Conslium de legume textibus, Instructio, 25 ian. 2005, Romae, ex. Aed. Consili, Instructio servanda a tribunalis dioecesanis et interdiocesanis in pertractandis causis nullitatis matrimonii, Civitas Vaticana 2005.Pozzo del M., Il processo matrimoniale piu breve davanti al Vescovo, Roma 2016.Rozkrut T., Odpowiedzialność biskupa diecezjalnego, metropolity oraz konferencji biskupów za współczesny proces małżeński, [w:] J. Krajczyński red., Proces małżeński według motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, Płock 2015.Sobór Watykański II, Konstytucje, Dekrety, Deklaracje, Pallotinum 2012.Tribunale Apostolico della Rota Romana, Sussidio applicativo del motu pr. Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, Cittá del Vaticano, gennaio 2016.Valdrini P., Comunitá, persone, governo. Lezioni sui libri I e II del CIC 1983, Cittá del Vaticano 2013.17/317118

The secret chambers in the Chephren Pyramid

Pyramids are the greatest architectural achievement of ancient civilization, so people all over the world are curious as to the purpose of such huge constructions. No other structure has been studied as thoroughly, nor have so many books and articles been written about it. We created a computer model of the pyramid. To validate the model, we compare our calculations with the experimental data of Luis W. Alvarez. The fact that the Egyptians set up 2.5 million stone blocks without any purpose seems to be unimaginable. Therefore, we attempt to examine the internal structure of the pyramid using muon tomography. With our measurements we performed and verified a calibration of the attenuation of muons for primary beam momenta of 2.5 GeV/c and 3 GeV/c at the T9 experimental area of CERN.Comment: The authors of the paper are winners of the CERN Beamline for Schools 2016 competition. To be submitted to the journal Physics Educatio

Physical Health and Transition to Psychosis in People at Clinical High Risk

Background: The clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) construct represents an opportunity for prevention and early intervention in young adults, but the relationship between risk for psychosis and physical health in these patients remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a RECORD-compliant clinical register-based cohort study, selecting the long-term cumulative risk of developing a persistent psychotic disorder as the primary outcome. We investigated associations between primary outcome and physical health data with Electronic Health Records at the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Trust, UK (January 2013–October 2020). We performed survival analyses using Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard models. Results: The database included 137 CHR-P subjects; 21 CHR-P developed psychosis during follow-up, and the cumulative incidence of psychosis risk was 4.9% at 1 year and 56.3% at 7 years. Log-rank tests suggested that psychosis risk might change between different levels of nicotine and alcohol dependence. Kaplan-Meier curve analyses indicated that non-hazardous drinkers may have a lower psychosis risk than non-drinkers. In the Cox proportional hazard model, nicotine dependence presented a hazard ratio of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.1–1.64) (p = 0.01), indicating a 34% increase in psychosis risk for every additional point on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a comprehensive assessment of tobacco and alcohol use, diet, and physical activity in CHR-P subjects is key to understanding how physical health contributes to psychosis risk

A transdiagnostic prodrome for severe mental disorders:an electronic health record study

Effective prevention of severe mental disorders (SMD), including non-psychotic unipolar mood disorders (UMD), non-psychotic bipolar mood disorders (BMD), and psychotic disorders (PSY), rely on accurate knowledge of the duration, first presentation, time course and transdiagnosticity of their prodromal stages. Here we present a retrospective, real-world, cohort study using electronic health records, adhering to RECORD guidelines. Natural language processing algorithms were used to extract monthly occurrences of 65 prodromal features (symptoms and substance use), grouped into eight prodromal clusters. The duration, first presentation, and transdiagnosticity of the prodrome were compared between SMD groups with one-way ANOVA, Cohen’s f and d. The time course (mean occurrences) of prodromal clusters was compared between SMD groups with linear mixed-effects models. 26,975 individuals diagnosed with ICD-10 SMD were followed up for up to 12 years (UMD = 13,422; BMD = 2506; PSY = 11,047; median[IQR] age 39.8[23.7] years; 55% female; 52% white). The duration of the UMD prodrome (18[36] months) was shorter than BMD (26[35], d = 0.21) and PSY (24[38], d = 0.18). Most individuals presented with multiple first prodromal clusters, with the most common being non-specific (‘other’; 88% UMD, 85% BMD, 78% PSY). The only first prodromal cluster that showed a medium-sized difference between the three SMD groups was positive symptoms (f = 0.30). Time course analysis showed an increase in prodromal cluster occurrences approaching SMD onset. Feature occurrence across the prodromal period showed small/negligible differences between SMD groups, suggesting that most features are transdiagnostic, except for positive symptoms (e.g. paranoia, f = 0.40). Taken together, our findings show minimal differences in the duration and first presentation of the SMD prodromes as recorded in secondary mental health care. All the prodromal clusters intensified as individuals approached SMD onset, and all the prodromal features other than positive symptoms are transdiagnostic. These results support proposals to develop transdiagnostic preventive services for affective and psychotic disorders detected in secondary mental healthcare

Using Electronic Health Records to Facilitate Precision Psychiatry

The use of clinical prediction models to produce individualised risk estimates can facilitate the implementation of precision psychiatry. As a source of data from large, clinically representative patient samples, electronic health records (EHRs) provide a platform to develop and validate clinical prediction models, as well as potentially implementing them in routine clinical care. The present review describes promising use cases for the application of precision psychiatry to EHR data and considers their performance in terms of discrimination (ability to separate individuals with and without the outcome) and calibration (extent to which predicted risk estimates correspond to observed outcomes), as well as their potential clinical utility (weighing benefits and costs associated with the model compared to different approaches across different assumptions of the number-needed-to-test). We review four externally validated clinical prediction models designed to predict, respectively: psychosis onset, psychotic relapse, cardiometabolic morbidity, and suicide risk. We then discuss the prospects for clinically implementing these models, and the potential added value of integrating data from evidence syntheses, standardised psychometric assessments, and biological data into EHRs. Clinical prediction models can utilise routinely collected EHR data in an innovative way, representing a unique opportunity to inform real-world clinical decision making. Combining data from other sources (e.g. meta-analyses) or enhancing EHR data with information from research studies (clinical and biomarker data) may enhance our abilities to improve performance of clinical prediction models. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Osoba i zadania procesowe biskupa diecezjalnego w procesie małżeńskim w świetle reformy papieża Franciszka

Since the beginning of the pontificate of Pope Francis we have heard in his preaching the calling to reform the structures of the church. Bergoglio presented his pastoral-evangelical idea of the functioning of the Church in the exhortation Evangelii Gaudium. Naturally the reform made by the Bishop of Rome also applies to the canon law. Directed by voices of hierarchy gathered at the Synod of Bishops 2014 and the spiritual good of the faithful, who are waiting for an explanation of their canonical situation, 15 August 2015 Pope Francis promulgated the Motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, to accelerate and simplify the process of annulment of the marriage. Pope wanted the heart of the faithful were not too long enslaved by darkness of doubt because of delays in the judgment. In the center of his reform Pope put the diocesan Bishop, who together with the Bishop of Rome becomes the guarantor of the unity of the Catholic faith and discipline. According to the principles of the reform, the bishop not only organizes and is responsible for the court structure in the local church, but he also has to personally fulfill the task of the first judge of the faithful, for whom he was established a shepherd. The new laws allow the bishop to establish a single judge and introduces the institution of processus brevior, which is provided for particular obvious situations. The only judge in this process is the bishop. It seems that the reform process of marriage, made in the spirit of historical continuity, will bring much spiritual fruit and contribute to the perception of the person the diocesan bishop not only as pastor bonus, but at the same time as iustus iudex.Od początku pontyfikatu papieża Franciszka słyszymy w jego przepowiadaniu nawoływanie do reformy struktur kościelnych. Swoją pastoralno-ewangeliczną koncepcję funkcjonowania Kościoła Bergoglio przedstawił w adhortacji Evangelii Gaudium. Naturalnie, reforma dokonywana przez Biskupa Rzymu dotyczy również prawa kanonicznego. Kierowany głosami hierarchów gromadzonych na Synodzie Biskupów w 2014 roku oraz dobrem duchowym wiernych, którzy oczekują na wyjaśnienie swojej sytuacji kanonicznej, papież Franciszek 8 września 2015 roku promulgował Motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus tak, by przyspieszyć i uprościć proces stwierdzenia nieważności małżeństwa. Wolą Papieża było ty, by serca wiernych nie były zbyt długo zniewolone przez mroki wątpliwości z powodu opóźnień w wydaniu wyroku. W centrum swojej reformy Ojciec Święty postawił postać biskupa diecezjalnego, który wraz z Biskupem Rzymu staje się gwarantem katolickiej jedności w wierze i dyscyplinie. Według założeń reformy, biskup nie tylko organizuje i odpowiada za strukturę sądowniczą w swoim Kościele lokalnym, ale ma również wypełniać osobiście zadanie pierwszego sędziego wiernych, dla których został ustanowiony pasterzem. Nowe ustawodawstwo daje biskupowi możliwość ustanowienia sędziego jednoosobowego oraz wprowadza instytucję processus brevior, który przewidziany jest w sytuacjach szczególnie oczywistych. Jedynym sędzią w tym procesie jest sam biskup. Wydaję, że reforma procesu małżeńskiego, dokonana w duchu ciągłości historycznej, przyniesie wiele owoców duchowych i przyczyni się do postrzegania osoby biskupa diecezjalnego nie tylko jako pastor bonus, ale jednocześnie jako iustus iudex.ks. KAMIL KRAKOWSKI, mgr teologii, absolwent Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego w Płocku i Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie (magisterium z teologii – 2012), student prawa kanonicznego porównawczego w Międzynarodowym Instytucie Prawa Kanonicznego DiReCom przy Fakultecie Teologicznym w Lugano (Szwajcaria), student III roku studiów licencjackich z prawa kanonicznego w Fakultecie Prawa Kanonicznego św. Piusa X w Wenecji (Włochy).Facoltà di Diritto Canonico San Pio X di VeneziaActe et documente Consilio Oecumenico Vaticano II apparando, series I, Appendicis vol. II, p. II, Romae 1961.Andriano V., La normativa canonica sul matrimonio e la riforma del processo di nullità, Città del Vaticano 2016.Arroba Conde M.J., Diritto processuale canonico, Roma 2012.III Asemblea Generale Straordinaria del Sinodo dei Vescovi, Relatio Synodi, Città del Vaticano 2014.Benedictus XIV, Constitutio Dei miseratione, [in:] Codicis Canonici fontes, I, P. Gasparri (a cura di), Romae 1923.Concilio Vaticano II, Costituzione dogmatica sulla Chiesa Lumen Gentium, [in:] I documenti del Concilio Vaticano II, Milano 2012.Fantappiè C., Storia del diritto canonico e delle istituzioni della Chiesa, Bologna 2011.Francesco, Allocuzione Questa vostra sessione alla sesione plenaria del Supremo tribunale della Segnatura Apostolica, 8 novembre, AAS 105 (2013).Francesco, Conferenza stampa durante il volo di ritorno dagli Stati Uniti d’America, 27.IX.2015.Francesco, Esortazione apostolica sull’amore nella famiglia Amoris laetitia, Città del Vaticano 2016.Francesco, Rescritto ex Audientia SS.mi” sulla nuova legge del procesco matromoniale, [in:] Tribunale Apostolico della Rota Romana, Sussio applicativo del Motu pr. Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, Città del Vaticano 2016.Francesco, Udienza ai rappresentati dei media, Discorso del Santo Padre, Aula Paolo VI, 16 marzo 2013, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/speeches/2013/march/documents/papa-francesco_20130316_rappresentanti-media.html. (10.01.2017).Góralski W., Wprowadzenie do motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, [in:] Proces małżeński według motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, J. Krajczyński (a cura di), Płock 2015.Ioannes Paulus Pp. II, Codex Iuris Canonici, AAS LXXV Pars II (1983).Lettera Apostolica Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus data Motu Proprio dal Santo Padre Francesco sulla riforma del processo canononico per le cause di dichiarazione di nullità del matrimonio nel Codice di Diritto Canonico (dopo: MIDI), Coletti a San Pietro 2015.Mingardi M., Il ruolo del vescovo diocesano, [in:] La riforma dei processi matrimoniali di Papa Francesco, Redazione di Quaderni di diritto ecclesiale (a cura di), Milano 2016.Paulus VI, Litterae apostolicae motu proprio datae quibus normae quaedam statuuntur ad processus matrimonialis expeditius absolvendos (28.03.1971), AAS 63 (1971).Pinto P., Speranza e non paure, Intervista al Decano della Rota romana sul nuovo processo matrimoniale, “L’Osservatore Romano”, 7.X.2015.Pius Pp. X, Constitutio apostolica Sapienti Consilio, Romae 29.06.1908, http:// https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-x_apc_19080629_sapienti-consilio-index.html (4.11.2016).Pontificio Consiglio per i Testi Legislativi, Circa il suffraganeus antiquior nel nuovo can. 1687 § 3 Mitis Iudex, Vaticano 13 ottobre 2015, http://www.delegumtextibus.va/content/dam/testilegislativi/risposte-particolari/Procedure%20per%20la%20Dichiarazione%20della%20Nullit%C3%A0%20matrimoniale/Circa%20il%20suffraganeus%20antiquior%20nel%20nuovo%20can.%201687%20%C2%A73%20Mitis%20Iudex.pdf (4.11.2016).Pontificium Consilium de Legum Textibus, Instructio, 25 ian.2005, Romae, ex. Aed. Consilii, Instructio servanda a tribunalibus dioecesanis et interdiocesanis in pertractandis causis nullitatis matrimonii, Civitas Vaticana 2005.Pozzo del M ., Il processo matrimoniale più breve davanti al Vescovo, Roma 2016.Rozkrut T., Odpowiedzialność biskupa diecezjalnego, metropolity oraz konferencji biskupów za współczesny proces małżeński,[in:] Proces małżeński według motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, J. Krajczyński (a cura di), Płock 2015.Stankiewicz A., La celerità nelle cause di nullitá matrimoniale: aspetti operative, [in:] Ius et Matrimonium, Temi di diritto matrimoniale e processuale canonico, H. Franceschi, M. A. Ortiz (a cura di), Roma, 2015.Tribunale Apostolico della Rota Romana, Sussidio applicativo del Motu pr. Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, Città del Vaticano 2016.189-20515/218920

RNA-Targeting CRISPR–Cas Systems and Their Applications

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems have revolutionized modern molecular biology. Numerous types of these systems have been discovered to date. Many CRISPR–Cas systems have been used as a backbone for the development of potent research tools, with Cas9 being the most widespread. While most of the utilized systems are DNA-targeting, recently more and more attention is being gained by those that target RNA. Their ability to specifically recognize a given RNA sequence in an easily programmable way makes them ideal candidates for developing new research tools. In this review we summarize current knowledge on CRISPR–Cas systems which have been shown to target RNA molecules, that is type III (Csm/Cmr), type VI (Cas13), and type II (Cas9). We also present a list of available technologies based on these systems

A transdiagnostic prodrome for severe mental disorders: an electronic health record study.

Effective prevention of severe mental disorders (SMD), including non-psychotic unipolar mood disorders (UMD), non-psychotic bipolar mood disorders (BMD), and psychotic disorders (PSY), rely on accurate knowledge of the duration, first presentation, time course and transdiagnosticity of their prodromal stages. Here we present a retrospective, real-world, cohort study using electronic health records, adhering to RECORD guidelines. Natural language processing algorithms were used to extract monthly occurrences of 65 prodromal features (symptoms and substance use), grouped into eight prodromal clusters. The duration, first presentation, and transdiagnosticity of the prodrome were compared between SMD groups with one-way ANOVA, Cohen's f and d. The time course (mean occurrences) of prodromal clusters was compared between SMD groups with linear mixed-effects models. 26,975 individuals diagnosed with ICD-10 SMD were followed up for up to 12 years (UMD = 13,422; BMD = 2506; PSY = 11,047; median[IQR] age 39.8[23.7] years; 55% female; 52% white). The duration of the UMD prodrome (18[36] months) was shorter than BMD (26[35], d = 0.21) and PSY (24[38], d = 0.18). Most individuals presented with multiple first prodromal clusters, with the most common being non-specific ('other'; 88% UMD, 85% BMD, 78% PSY). The only first prodromal cluster that showed a medium-sized difference between the three SMD groups was positive symptoms (f = 0.30). Time course analysis showed an increase in prodromal cluster occurrences approaching SMD onset. Feature occurrence across the prodromal period showed small/negligible differences between SMD groups, suggesting that most features are transdiagnostic, except for positive symptoms (e.g. paranoia, f = 0.40). Taken together, our findings show minimal differences in the duration and first presentation of the SMD prodromes as recorded in secondary mental health care. All the prodromal clusters intensified as individuals approached SMD onset, and all the prodromal features other than positive symptoms are transdiagnostic. These results support proposals to develop transdiagnostic preventive services for affective and psychotic disorders detected in secondary mental healthcare

Application of fluorine-based threshold activation detector for neutron flux calculation from D-T neutron generator

In this paper we propose a method of fast neutron flux estimation from a pulsed D-T neutron generator with application of single CaF2 scintillation crystal. The analysis method relies on 19F(n, α)16N threshold activation reaction having neutron energy threshold at 1.6 MeV. As a result, the 16N undergo β− decay with half-life of 7.1 s, emitting β particles with endpoint up to 10.4 MeV in the scintillator medium. Integration of the β distribution curve, preceded by calculation of (n, α) rate on F with Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code v6 (MCNP6) for fixed geometry, allows to estimate the neutron flux in 4π per second within few minutes

Application of fluorine-based threshold activation detector for neutron flux calculation from D-T neutron generator

In this paper we propose a method of fast neutron flux estimation from a pulsed D-T neutron generator with application of single CaF2 scintillation crystal. The analysis method relies on 19F(n, α)16N threshold activation reaction having neutron energy threshold at 1.6 MeV. As a result, the 16N undergo β− decay with half-life of 7.1 s, emitting β particles with endpoint up to 10.4 MeV in the scintillator medium. Integration of the β distribution curve, preceded by calculation of (n, α) rate on F with Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code v6 (MCNP6) for fixed geometry, allows to estimate the neutron flux in 4π per second within few minutes