Digitalna procjena lisne površine krošnje stijenke vinove loze (Vitis vinifera cv. Sauvignon) korištenjem LIDAR mjerne tehnologije

A dosage rate reduction of plant protection products mixed with water, i.e. spray mixture, in a prescribed concentration in the vineyard will only be possible in the future, if the natural characteristics of vine canopy structures (leaf wall area) and canopy management are taken into account. In a practical experiment in the vineyard we evaluated the leaf wall area of the vine cv. Sauvignon on different segments on the left and right side of the vine canopy. We compared the results of manual measurements and laser measuring technology (LIDAR) with the corresponding algorithm, with which we enabled the digital reconstruction of the leaf wall area of the vine. The manual measurement of the leaf wall area was carried out using an automated image analyser. The digital system for measuring the leaf wall area on different segments consisted of a LIDAR sensor and a Differential Global Positioning System (hereinafter DGPS). To determine the exact DGPS position of the LIDAR sensor during the measurement, we set up a DGPS base station. Using the Excel software (CORREL function), we estimated the relationship between the dependent variable (digital number of points in the cloud) and an independent variable (leaf wall area, manually measured). An analysis of six randomly selected vines in the vineyard revealed the maximum value of the correlation coefficient r = 0.80 for the left side and r = 0.90 for the right side of the leaf wall area of the vine, respectively. In the near future the virtual three-dimensional space will provide more even control of spray mixture over the entire structure of the leaf wall area in the vineyard based on autonomous decision-making models.Smanjenje količine utroška sredstava za zaštitu bilja i same smjese za prskanje u budućnosti će biti moguće samo ako se uzmu u obzir prirodne karakteristike krošnje vinove loze tj. lisne površine krošnje trsa. U praktičnom pokusu u vinogradu procijenjena je lisna površinu krošnje vinove loze cv. Sauvignon na različitim segmentima s lijeve i desne strane krošnje uz pomoć ručnih mjerenja i laserske mjerne tehnologije (LIDAR). Dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni su s pripadajućim algoritmom čime je dobivena digitalna rekonstrukcija lisne površine vinove loze. Ručno mjerenje površine listova provedeno je u laboratoriju pomoću digitalnog lisnog skenera nakon što je lišće ručno pobrano s trsova i dopremljeno u sam laboratorij. Digitalni sustav za mjerenje lisne površine na različitim segmentima krošnje sastojao se od LIDAR senzora i DGPS navigacijskog sustava. Da bi se odredio točan DGPS položaj LIDAR senzora tijekom mjerenja, postavljena je DGPS bazna stanica. Pomoću regresijske metode utvrđen je odnos između zavisne varijable (digitalni broj točaka u oblaku) i nezavisne varijable (površina listova izmjerena skenerom). Rezultati analize imeđu dvije uspoređivane metode na šest slučajno odabranih trsova vinove loze otkrivaju vrijednost koeficijenta korelacije r = 0,80 za lijevu i r = 0,90 za desnu stranu krošnje. U bliskoj budućnosti virtualni trodimenzionalni prostor pružit će ravnomjerniju kontrolu smjese raspršivača preko cijele strukture područja stijenke lišča u vinogradu na temelju autonomnih modela odlučivanja

Analiza kakovostne strukture okroglega lesa listavcev

Prispevek predstavlja rezultate analize kakovostne strukture okroglega lesa treh najpomembnejših drevesnih vrst listavcev v Sloveniji, navadne bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.), gorskega javorja (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) ter hrasta doba (Quercus robur L.). Na različnih sečiščih po Sloveniji smo drevesa izbrali in izmerili pred posekom, nato pa po poseku izmerili dimenzije posameznih izdelanih gozdno-lesnih sortimentov ter lokacijo in velikost morebitnih nepravilnosti na ravni posameznega sortimenta. Vsak sortiment je bil razvrščen v enega izmed kakovostnih razredov A, B, C, D (hlodovina) ali drugo oblovino (nehlodovina). Nato smo za vsako posamezno drevo izračunali delež posameznega kakovostnega razreda v prostornini celotnega drevesa. V povprečju lahko pri upoštevanju zahtev trenutno veljavnega Pravilnika pri sečnji listavcev s prsnim premerom nad 30 cm pričakujemo med 40–50 % hlodovine

Mână de mână cu Boala Celiacă (BC)

Proiectul CD SKILLS PP13 a Universității de Stat de Medicină și Farmacie “Nicolae Testemițanu” din Republica Moldova și permisă spre traducere din limba engleză cu suportul tehnic al echipei de implementare: Tatiana Raba, Olesea Nicu, Anton Pivtora

Influence of crosslinker and monomer ratio on bead size distribution, swelling and polymer network flexibility of 4-nitrophenylacrylate polymer supports

Sphere shaped polymer supports with styrene and 4-nitrophenylacrylate as monomers and divinylbenzene (DVB) or ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinkers were prepared by free radical polymerization in suspension medium. Ratio of monomers as well as the crosslinking degree varied in order to test the influences on head size distribution, swelling and polymer network flexibility. The amount of crosslinker had an effect on bead size, average bead diameters being between 10 µm and 35 µm when 5% of crosslinker was applied and between 35 µm and 55 µm when 20% was used. The crosslinking degree also affected swelling in dichloromethane, water, methanol, toluene and acetonitrile, being more intense with lower concentrations of DVB or EGDMA. The flexibility of polymer networkwas investigated using reactions with 1,8-diaminooctane. High degrees of additional crosslinking was observed, namely between 58 and 95% indicating high flexibility of polymer network.Stirenske in 4-nitrofenilakrilatne nosilce zamrežene z divinilbenzenom ali etilen glikol dimetakrilatom smo pripravili s suspenzijsko polimerizacijo. Pri različnem razmerju monomerov in stopnji zamreženja smo analizirali porazdelitev velikosti delcev, nabrekanje v različnih topilih in fleksibilnost polimerne matrike. Ugotovili smo, da stopnja zamreženja vpliva tako na velikost delcev kot tudi na njihovo nabrekanje v različnih topilih. Povprečmi premer 5% zamreženih nosilcev je v intervalu med 10 in 35 µm, premer 20% zamreženih nosilcev pa v intervalu med 35 in 55 µm. 5% zamreženi nosilci nabrekajo bolj kot 20% zamreženi, kar velja za obe zamreževali. Fleksibilnost polimerne matrike smo določili z modelno reakcijo z 1,8-diaminooktanom. Visoka stopnja dodatnega zamreženja (48 do več kot 95%) kaže na fleksibilnost polimerne matrike

Cross-linked porous poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) from high internal phase emulsions: preparation and functionalisation

By using emulsions with high volume fractions of internal phase as polymerisation media porous copolymers of acrylic acid and acrylamide, cross-linked by methylenebisacrylamide, were prepared. The ratio of acrylic acid to acrylamide were varied (molar ratios 70:30, 50:50, 30:70) in order to yield polymers with various loading of acidic functional groups. Porous polymers with an open-cellular architecture were obtained with void diameters between 2.8 μm and 3.9 μm and with interconnecting pores approx. 0.3 μm in diameter. The chemical composition of the polymers influenced the conversion degrees during the process of functionalisation of acidic groups to acid chloride, being the highest in the case of polymer with the lowest content of acrilyc acid.Pripravili smo porozne netopne kopolimere med akrilno kislino in akrilamidom (delež akrilamida med 30 in 70 odstotki), zamrežene z metilenbisakrilamidom, pri čemer smo kot polimerizacijski medij uporabili emulzije z visokim deležem notranje faze. Nastali so visoko porozni polimeri z odprto celično strukturo s premerom praznin med 2.8 μm in 3.9 μm in s povezovalnimi porami s premeri okoli 0.3 μm. Kemijska sestava polimerov je vplivala na stopnje pretvorbe pri funkcionalizaciji do kislinskega kloridanajvišjo stopnjo pretvorbe smo opazili pri najvišjem deležu akrilamida v polimeru