Profit Sharing and Training

We analyze the impact of profit sharing on the share of workers receiving training. An effect is plausible because: 1) profit sharing is a credible commitment by firms to reward firm-specific skills acquired by formal or informal training, 2) profit sharing may reduce turnover and increase the returns to training, 3) a common payment for the whole workforce leads to peer group pressure to participate in training courses and raises incentives to help co-workers. In order to eliminate possible selectivity effects, we combine a matching approach with difference-in-differences. We identify the proportion of employees participating in profits and differentiate profit sharing according to the percentage of the workers covered by such remuneration schemes. Using German establishment data we find that profit sharing only has a significant effect on training intensity if the majority of the workforce benefits from it.profit sharing, training, matching

Profit-sharing and innovation

We investigate the effect of profit-sharing on product and process innovation. Profit-sharing is a credible commitment of the companies to let the employees participate in any efficiency gain. Resistance against technical progress becomes less plausible. Moreover, employees are stimulated to share their specific information advantage on possibilities to optimize the production process and products with the management. We take account of possible selectivity effects and using survey data on German companies with and without profitsharing in a conditional difference-in-differences framework, we test our hypothesis by comparing measures of innovativeness. Based on matching (selectivity on observable covariates) in a static comparison firms with a share system show both more product and process innovations. In a dynamic setting, we find that the introduction of profit-sharing only spurs product innovation

Nonacademic student selection criteria for medical school admissions in Germany and Austria

Deutsche medizinische Fachbereiche und Fakultäten sollen ihre Studienanfänger nach eigenen Kriterien aussuchen. Da bis zu 40 000 Bewerbungen pro Jahr erwartet werden können, ist eine Vorauswahl erforderlich, bevor arbeitsintensivere Auswahlmechanismen eingesetzt werden können. Wir haben einen Fragebogen konzipiert für den Versuch, zusätzlich zu schulischen Leistungen weitere Bewerbercharakteristika zu erfassen wie vorbestehendes medizinisch relevantes Wissen, musische, soziale, sportliche und berufliche Aktivitäten. Alle Studienanfänger des Wintersemesters 2005/2006 (860 Studierende) der Medizinischen Fachbereiche/Fakultäten an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (FFM) und der Medizinischen Universität Innsbruck (MUI) wurden gebeten, diesen Fragebogen auszufüllen. Zum Wintersemester 2005/2006 wurde in FFM ausschließlich nach Abiturnote zugelassen, während die Zulassung an der MUI nach dem Posteingang der Bewerbung erfolgte, ohne Berücksichtigung von Schulnoten. Beide Gruppen (FFM 431 Studierende, MUI 429 Studierende) gaben vergleichbare nichtschulische Aktivitäten mit fast identischer Häufigkeit an, mit der Ausnahme der Ableistung eines Krankenhauspraktikums. Ein Pflegepraktikum wird von der deutschen Approbationsordnung verlangt, kann aber vor Studienbeginn absolviert werden, so dass deutsche Studienbeginner (sowohl Zulassung in FFM - 53%; deutsche Studienanfänger an der MUI - 67%) überwiegend ein Praktikum absolviert hatten, während österreichische Studienanfänger ein Praktikum wesentlich seltener abgeleistet hatten (14%). Derzeit sollten die erfassten nichtschulischen Leistungen als Zulassungskriterium für das Medizinstudium nur nach vorheriger Überprüfung der Eignung verwendet werden

Procarbazine and antidepressants: a retrospective review of the risk of serotonin toxicity

Background Procarbazine is an anticancer agent that also inhibits monoamine oxidase, an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of various catecholamines, including serotonin. Methods A retrospective chart review of lymphoma patients who were treated with both procarbazine and an antidepressant, as well as procarbazine alone, was performed to determine if signs and symptoms of serotonin toxicity were present. Results A total of 65 patients received procarbazine between 2004 and 2010 and were eligible to be included in the study. Twenty‐six of these patients received an antidepressant in combination with procarbazine, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors being the most common type of antidepressant. No patients in the study were diagnosed with serotonin toxicity, nor did any meet Hunter's diagnostic criteria for serotonin toxicity. Diarrhea, tremor, and shivering were the symptoms from Sternbach's criteria that were further analyzed, with diarrhea occurring 8.54% of the time, tremor occurring 5.53% of the time, and shivering occurring 2.51% of the time in patients who received an antidepressant with their procarbazine. Despite these symptoms, the diagnosis of serotonin toxicity according to Sternbach's criteria was determined to be unlikely. Conclusions In this small sample of patients treated with procarbazine plus an antidepressant (most typically SSRIs), there were no reports of serotonin toxicity, nor did any patients demonstrate symptoms consistent with serotonin toxicity. The authors urge clinicians to ensure depression is adequately managed in cancer patients who are undergoing procarbazine therapy, starting with typical first‐line antidepressant agents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102071/1/pon3378.pd

Intranasal oxytocin administration impacts the acquisition and consolidation of trauma-associated memories: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled experimental study in healthy women

Intrusive memories are a hallmark symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and oxytocin has been implicated in the formation of intrusive memories. This study investigates how oxytocin influences the acquisition and consolidation of trauma-associated memories and whether these effects are influenced by individual neurobiological and genetic differences. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 220 healthy women received either a single dose of intranasal 24IU oxytocin or a placebo before exposure to a trauma film paradigm that solicits intrusive memories. We used a "general random forest" machine learning approach to examine whether differences in the noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders, and genetic polymorphism of the oxytocin receptor influence the effect of oxytocin on the acquisition and consolidation of intrusive memories. Oxytocin induced significantly more intrusive memories than placebo did (t(188.33) = 2.12, p = 0.035, Cohen's d = 0.30, 95% CI 0.16-0.44). As hypothesized, we found that the effect of oxytocin on intrusive memories was influenced by biological covariates, such as salivary cortisol, heart rate variability, and PTSD polygenic risk scores. The five factors that were most relevant to the oxytocin effect on intrusive memories were included in a Poisson regression, which showed that, besides oxytocin administration, higher polygenic loadings for PTSD and major depressive disorder were directly associated with a higher number of reported intrusions after exposure to the trauma film stressor. These results suggest that intranasal oxytocin amplifies the acquisition and consolidation of intrusive memories and that this effect is modulated by neurobiological and genetic factors. Trial registration: NCT03031405