213 research outputs found
âIt becomes more of an abstract idea, this privacyââInforming the design for communal privacy experiences in smart homes
In spite of research recognizing the home as a shared space and privacy as inherently social, privacy in smart homes has mainly been researched from an individual angle. Sometimes contrasting and comparing perspectives of multiple individuals, research has rarely focused on how household members might use devices communally to achieve common privacy goals. An investigation of communal use of smart home devices and its relationship with privacy in the home is lacking. The paper presents a grounded analysis based on a synergistic relationship between an ethnomethodologically-informed (EM-informed) study and a grounded theory (GT) approach. The study focuses on household membersâ interactions to show that household membersâ ability to coordinate the everyday use of their devices depends on appropriate conceptualizations of roles, rules, and privacy that are fundamentally different from those embodied by off-the-shelf products. Privacy is rarely an explicit, actionable, and practical consideration among household members, but rather a consideration wrapped up in everyday concerns. Roles and rules are not used to create social order, but to account for it. To sensitize to this everyday perspective and to reconcile privacy as wrapped up in everyday concerns with the design of smart home systems, the paper presents the social organization of communal use as a descriptive framework. The framework is descriptive in capturing how households navigate the âmurky watersâ of communal use in practice, where prior research highlighted seemingly irreconcilable differences in interest, attitude, and aptitude between multiple individuals and with other stakeholders. Discussing how householdsâ use of roles, rules, and privacy in-practice differed from what off-the-shelf products afforded, the framework highlights critical challenges and opportunities for the design of communal privacy experiences
Further Exploring Communal Technology Use in Smart Homes: Social Expectations
Device use in smart homes is becoming increasingly communal, requiring
cohabitants to navigate a complex social and technological context. In this
paper, we report findings from an exploratory survey grounded in our prior work
on communal technology use in the home [4]. The findings highlight the
importance of considering qualities of social relationships and technology in
understanding expectations and intentions of communal technology use. We
propose a design perspective of social expectations, and we suggest existing
designs can be expanded using already available information such as location,
and considering additional information, such as levels of trust and
reliability.Comment: to appear in CHI '20 Extended Abstracts, April 25--30, 2020,
Honolulu, HI, US
Epidemiological Methods: About Time
Epidemiological studies often produce false positive results due to use of statistical approaches that either ignore or distort time. The three time-related issues of focus in this discussion are: (1) cross-sectional vs. cohort studies, (2) statistical significance vs. public health significance, and (3), how risk factors âwork togetherâ to impact public health significance. The issue of time should be central to all thinking in epidemiology research, affecting sampling, measurement, design, analysis and, perhaps most important, the interpretation of results that might influence clinical and public-health decision-making and subsequent clinical research
âIt becomes more of an abstract idea, this privacyâ â Informing the design for communal privacy experiences in smart homes
In spite of research recognizing the home as a shared space and privacy as inherently social, privacy in smart homes has mainly been researched from an individual angle. Sometimes contrasting and comparing perspectives of multiple individuals, research has rarely focused on how household members might use devices communally to achieve common privacy goals. An investigation of communal use of smart home devices and its relationship with privacy in the home is lacking. The paper presents a grounded analysis based on a synergistic relationship between an ethnomethodologically-informed (EM-informed) study and a grounded theory (GT) approach. The study focuses on household membersâ interactions to show that household membersâ ability to coordinate the everyday use of their devices depends on appropriate conceptualizations of roles, rules, and privacy that are fundamentally different from those embodied by off-the-shelf products. Privacy is rarely an explicit, actionable, and practical consideration among household members, but rather a consideration wrapped up in everyday concerns. Roles and rules are not used to create social order, but to account for it. To sensitize to this everyday perspective and to reconcile privacy as wrapped up in everyday concerns with the design of smart home systems, the paper presents the social organization of communal use as a descriptive framework. The framework is descriptive in capturing how households navigate the âmurky watersâ of communal use in practice, where prior research highlighted seemingly irreconcilable differences in interest, attitude, and aptitude between multiple individuals and with other stakeholders. Discussing how householdsâ use of roles, rules, and privacy in-practice differed from what off-the-shelf products afforded, the framework highlights critical challenges and opportunities for the design of communal privacy experiences
Toward an understanding of risk factors for binge-eating disorder in black and white women: A community-based case-control study
This study sought to identify in white women risk factors specific to binge-eating disorder (BED) and for psychiatric disorders in general, and to compare black and white women on risk factors for BED.
Cognitive status and behavioral problems in older hospitalized patients
OBJECTIVES: (a) To determine the quantity and quality of behavioral problems in older hospitalized patients on acute care units; (b) to determine the burden of these behaviors on staff; and (c) to identify predictors of behavioral problems. METHODS: Upon admission, patients performed the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and information was obtained on age, ethnicity, level of education, living arrangement, and psychiatric history. Two days post-admission, a clinical staff member caring for each patient, performed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) to assess patients' behavioral problems and staff distress. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Forty-two patients, over 60 years of age, admitted to medical and surgical units of the Veterans Affairs Hospitals in Palo Alto and San Francisco, participated. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 42 (55%) patients exhibited behavioral problems. Anxiety, depression, irritability, and agitation/aggression were the most frequently observed behaviors. The severity of the behavioral problems was significantly correlated with staff distress. Lower performance on the MMSE at admission was significantly associated with higher NPI-Q ratings. Specifically, of those cases with scores less than or equal to 27 on the MMSE, 66% had behavioral problems during hospitalization, compared to only 31% of those with scores greater than 27. CONCLUSION: Behavioral problems in older hospitalized patients appear to occur frequently, are a significant source of distress to staff, and can result in the need for psychiatric consultation. Assessment of the mental status of older adults at admission to hospital may be valuable in identifying individuals at increased risk for behavioral problems during hospitalization
Evidence, Interpretation, and Qualification From Multiple Reports of Long- Term Outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA) Part II: Supporting Details
Objective:
To review and provide details about the primary and secondary findings from the Multimodal
Treatment study of ADHD (MTA) published during the past decade as three sets of articles.
Method:
In the second of a two part article, we provide additional background and detail required by the
complexity of the MTA to address confusion and controversy about the findings outlined in part I (the
Executive Summary).
Results:
We present details about the gold standard used to produce scientific evidence, the randomized
clinical trial (RCT), which we applied to evaluate the long-term effects of two well-established unimodal
treatments, Medication Management (MedMGT) and behavior therapy (Beh), the multimodal combination
(Comb), and treatment âas usualâ in the community (CC). For each of the first three assessment points
defined by RCT methods and included in intent-to-treat analyses, we discuss our definition of evidence
from the MTA, interpretation of the serial presentations of findings at each assessment point with a
different definition of long-term varying from weeks to years, and qualification of the interim conclusions
about long-term effects of treatments for ADHD based on many exploratory analyses described in
additional published articles.
Conclusions:
Using a question and answer format, we discuss the possible clinical relevance of the MTA and
present some practical suggestions based on current knowledge and uncertainties facing families,
clinicians, and investigators regarding the long-term use of stimulant medication and behavioral therapy in
the treatment of children with ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(1) 15-43
Moderators, Mediators, and Other Predictors of Risperidone Response in Children with Autistic Disorder and Irritability
Objective/Background:
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology
(RUPP) Autism Network found an effect size of d = 1.2 in favor of risperidone on the main outcome measure
in an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for irritabilityin autistic disorder. This paper explores
moderators and mediators of this effect.
Method:
Intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses were conducted with suspected moderators and mediators entered
into the regression equations. MacArthur Foundation Network subgroup guidelines were followed in the
evaluation of the results.
Results:
Only baseline severity moderated treatment response: Higher severity showed greater improvement
for risperidone but not for placebo. Weight gain mediated treatment response negatively: Those who gained
more weight improved less with risperidone and more with placebo. Compliance correlated with outcome for
risperidone but not placebo. Higher dose correlated with worse outcome for placebo, but not risperidone. Of
nonspecific predictors, parent education, family income, and low baseline prolactin positively predicted
outcome; anxiety, bipolar symptoms, oppositional-defiant symptoms, stereotypy, and hyperactivity
negatively predicted outcome. Risperidone moderated the effect of change in 5'-nucleotidase, a marker of
zinc status, for which decrease was associated with improvement only with risperidone, not with placebo.
Conclusion:
The benefitârisk ratio of risperidone is better with greater symptom severity. Risperidone can be
individually titrated to optimal dosage for excellent response in the majority of children. Weight gain is not
necessary for risperidone benefit and may even detract from it. Socioeconomic advantage, low prolactin, and
absence of co-morbid problems non-specifically predict better outcome. Mineral interactions with
risperidone deserve further study
Peer-Assessed Outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Peer-assessed outcomes were examined at the end of treatment (14 months after study entry) for 285
children (226 boys, 59 girls) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were rated by their
classmates (2,232 classmates total) using peer sociometric procedures. All children with ADHD were
participants in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). Treatment groups were
compared using the orthogonal treatment contrasts that accounted for the largest amount of variance in
prior MTA outcome analyses: Medication Management + Combined Treatment versus Behavior Therapy +
Community Care; Medication Management versus Combined Treatment; Behavior Therapy versus
Community Care. There was little evidence of superiority of any of the treatments for the peer-assessed
outcomes studied, although the limited evidence that emerged favored treatments involving medication
management. Post hoc analyses were used to examine whether any of the four treatment groups yielded
normalized peer relationships relative to randomly selected- classmates. Results indicated that children
from all groups remained significantly impaired in their peer relationships
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