New calix[4]arene-based amides - Their synthesis, conformation, complexation

New chiral calix[4]arene-based diol-diamides 1a, 1b, tetraamides 2a, 2b and 7 as well as achiral diamide 3 and tetraamides 4-6 were prepared. The conformation of 1 has been studied in solution by NMR and in solid state by X-ray crystallography. The pinched-cone conformation of the calix[4]arene skeleton in 1 was found to be stabilized by a circular array of hydrogen bonds formed by two phenolic O-H and two amidic N-H bonds at lower rim. Whereas no significant complexation of Na+ was observed in solution for diamides 1 and 3, tetraamides 2, 4, 5, and 6 give strong complexes with Na+ as confirmed by NMR titrations of 2 and 4. The influence of anions and the solvents used on complexation ability of 2 towards Na+ is negligible

Cross-cultural dataset for the evolution of religion and morality project

A considerable body of research cross-culturally examines the evolution of religious traditions, beliefs and behaviors. The bulk of this research, however, draws from coded qualitative ethnographies rather than from standardized methods specifically designed to measure religious beliefs and behaviors. Psychological data sets that examine religious thought and behavior in controlled conditions tend to be disproportionately sampled from student populations. Some cross-national databases employ standardized methods at the individual level, but are primarily focused on fully market integrated, state-level societies. The Evolution of Religion and Morality Project sought to generate a data set that systematically probed individual level measures sampling across a wider range of human populations. The set includes data from behavioral economic experiments and detailed surveys of demographics, religious beliefs and practices, material security, and intergroup perceptions. This paper describes the methods and variables, briefly introduces the sites and sampling techniques, notes inconsistencies across sites, and provides some basic reporting for the data set

Charakterystyka wstępnej obróbki słomy pszenicznej metodą termograwimetryczną

The sequential static thermogravimetry was used in the assessment of effect of hydrolysis temperature on wheat straw pre-treatment. It was found that temperature of 50% conversion T0.5 was lower for all studied solid residues after hydrolysis comparing with untreated straw, regardless of hydrolysis temperature. Lower value of T0.5 indicates that the straw structure was destructed by hydrolysis into more volatile products. The minimum temperature T0.5 and corresponding highest participation of light fraction was observed at hydrolysis temperature of 185°C.Statyczną termograwimetrię sekwencyjną wykorzystano do oceny wpływu temperatury hydrolizy we wstępnej obróbce słomy pszenicznej Stwierdzono, że temperatura T0.5 konwersji 50% jest niższa dla wszystkich przebadanych stałych pozostałości po hydrolizie w porównaniu ze słomą przed przeróbką, bez względu na temperaturę hydrolizy. Niższe wartości temperatury T0.5 wskazuję na to, że hydroliza zniszczyła strukturę słomy tworząc ardziej lotne frakcje. Minimalna temperatura T0.5 oraz odpowiadający jej wysoki udział lekkiej frakcji zaobserwowano dla temperatury hydrolizy wynoszącej 185 °C

The awe-prosociality relationship: Evidence for the role of context

People in a state of awe have been found to perceive their needs as small while also expressing intentions to act in a prosocial way, benefitting others at personal cost. However, these findings come largely out of the USA and have focused on intended rather than real prosocial behavior. We propose a contextual model of the awe-prosociality relationship predicated on the constructed theory of emotion, according to which emotion categories and cost–benefit analyses of possible subsequent actions differ across cultures and in line with enduring individual differences. To test the model, we conducted a laboratory study (N = 143) examining whether costly volunteering behavior is higher amid awe in the Czech Republic, a country where social psychological studies have often produced different results compared to the USA. Awe-inspiring and neutral primes were validated in pilot studies (N = 229). As is possible under the contextual model, awe-inspiring primes elicited not more, but less, prosocial behavior, with the relationship being moderated by various facets of Openness to Experience. Individuals higher in the Feelings facet of Openness were also found to be more awe-prone. A call is made for a cross-cultural investigation of the awe-behavior relationship that accounts for complex phylogenetic relationships between cultures.- Pilot study: emotion prime manipulation check and investigation of the relationship between Openness facets and awe-proneness (Hypothesis 2) -- Aims -- Method -- Results and discussion - Main study: the awe-behavior relationship and its moderators (Hypotheses 1 and 3) -- Aims -- Method -- Results and discussion - General discussio

New calix[4]arene-based amides - Their synthesis, conformation, complexation

New chiral calix[4]arene-based diol-diamides 1a, 1b, tetraamides 2a, 2b and 7 as well as achiral diamide 3 and tetraamides 4-6 were prepared. The conformation of 1 has been studied in solution by NMR and in solid state by X-ray crystallography. The pinched-cone conformation of the calix[4]arene skeleton in 1 was found to be stabilized by a circular array of hydrogen bonds formed by two phenolic O-H and two amidic N-H bonds at lower rim. Whereas no significant complexation of Na+ was observed in solution for diamides 1 and 3, tetraamides 2, 4, 5, and 6 give strong complexes with Na+ as confirmed by NMR titrations of 2 and 4. The influence of anions and the solvents used on complexation ability of 2 towards Na+ is negligible

New calix[4]arene-based amides - Their synthesis, conformation, complexation

New chiral calix[4]arene-based diol-diamides 1a, 1b, tetraamides 2a, 2b and 7 as well as achiral diamide 3 and tetraamides 4-6 were prepared. The conformation of 1 has been studied in solution by NMR and in solid state by X-ray crystallography. The pinched-cone conformation of the calix[4]arene skeleton in 1 was found to be stabilized by a circular array of hydrogen bonds formed by two phenolic O-H and two amidic N-H bonds at lower rim. Whereas no significant complexation of Na+ was observed in solution for diamides 1 and 3, tetraamides 2, 4, 5, and 6 give strong complexes with Na+ as confirmed by NMR titrations of 2 and 4. The influence of anions and the solvents used on complexation ability of 2 towards Na+ is negligible