Therapeutic and preventive eff ect of physical exercises in primary open-angle glaucoma

The review assesses physical exercises as an additional non-pharmacological mean of combating the progression of primary open-angle glaucoma. The ophthalmic hypotensive effect is determined by the type of exercise, its duration and intensity. Moderate aerobic activity is preferred. Among dynamic exercises, jogging has the greatest hypotensive effect. Upper body isometric resistance training provides a more lasting decrease in ophthalmotonus. The decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma is several times more pronounced in comparison with healthy people and occurs regardless of the nature of the local drug antihypertensive therapy. After the termination of classes IOP returns to the previous level on average within a month. An increase in ocular perfusion pressure associated with physical activity dictates the appropriateness of physical exercise for patients with pseudo-normal pressure glaucoma. The combination of hypotensive, vascular, neuroprotective effects of physical activity with a high level of physical fi tness does not exclude a decrease in the risk of development and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma. The development of indications for the use of physical activity by patients with advanced glaucoma, including those who have undergone hypotensive surgery, remains relevant. The type, intensity, dosage and mode of performing the recommended physical exercises require an individual choice

A study of genetic profiles of grape plants preserved under the name of Dagestan variety ‘Khatmi’

Background. Traditionally, the description of grape varieties is a task of ampelographic studies. However, several different grape cultivars have similar phenotypic traits. Molecular genetic characterization is the most accurate tool for cultivar identification. The development of DNA fingerprinting of varieties is the first step in this direction. An extensive database of DNA profiles of grape genotypes makes it possible to determine the varietal affiliation of unknown forms, confirm or refute the varietal correspondence of planting material. ‘Khatmi’ is an autochthonous grape variety from Dagestan. The profile of ‘Khatmi’ is presented in the VIVC international database of DNA fingerprints for grape varieties. However, an application of DNA analysis methods in grape variety studies has determined that several ancient varieties were cultivated under one name, while for others a certain variability of genotypes was observed. The objectives of the work were to study samples of ‘Khatmi’ plants from different places of growth in Dagestan by standard microsatellite loci used for grape genotyping, to assess the level of genetic similarity of the samples, and to refine the DNA profile of ‘Khatmi’. Materials and methods. Molecular genetic study was carried out on 10 samples from different ‘Khatmi’ populations. The material was picked from the collection sites of Dagestan breeding experimental station of viticulture and vegetable growing and the Dagestan Experiment Station of VIR, as well as from production plantations. DNA was extracted from herbarium specimens of young grape shoot tips by the CTAB method. The samples were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction using a standard set of primers for 9 microsatellite markers VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 recommended by the International Organization of Grapes and Wine (OIV) for grapevine DNA fingerprinting. Amplification products were separated, and their sizes were assessed using capillary electrophoresis on an ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. Results. Genotyping was done for 10 samples of grapes growing in Dagestan under the name ‘Khatmi’, including samples from different collections and places of industrial cultivation, as well as clonal variations of this variety and putative clonal variations. The two base pair differences within one of the loci distinguished the DNA profiles of the analyzed samples from that of ‘Khatmi’ presented in the international grape varieties database VIVC. It was determined that the sample under the name ‘Khatmi krupnoyagodnyi’ is closely related to ‘Khatmi’ variety by its genotype, but probably represents a clonal variation of ‘Koz uzyum’, another local variety of Dagestan. Conclusion. The DNA profile of the local Dagestan grape variety ‘Khatmi’ has been refined

Photodissociation of aqueous I 3 - observed with liquid-phase ultrafast mega-electron-volt electron diffraction

Developing femtosecond resolution methods for directly observing structural dynamics is critical to understanding complex photochemical reaction mechanisms in solution. We have used two recent developments, ultrafast mega-electron-volt electron sources and vacuum compatible sub-micron thick liquid sheet jets, to enable liquid-phase ultrafast electron diffraction (LUED). We have demonstrated the viability of LUED by investigating the photodissociation of tri-iodide initiated with a 400 nm laser pulse. This has enabled the average speed of the bond expansion to be measured during the first 750 fs of dissociation and the geminate recombination to be directly captured on the picosecond time scale

Epidemiological Situation on Cholera throughout the World in 2013, Forecasting for 2014

V. cholerae O1 El Tor cultures, serovars Ogawa and Inaba, from surface waters of the reservoirs, which are different in epidemic manifestations of the disease