Ethanol

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is one of the most important individual organic compounds readily available all over the world. It has been described as one of the most versatile of compounds, being widely used as a solvent, a germicide, a beverage, an antifreeze, a fuel, and fuel additive, additive to paints, coatings, automotive care products and adhesives, a fragrance, a lubricant, and as an intermediate for the synthesis and production of other organic compounds. Ethanol is mainly produced through yeast fermentation of sugars from seeds, sugar cane or beets and concentrated through subsequent distillation. Its main use is as a liquid fuel in transportation, most commonly in admixture with gasoline from oil

Quantification of Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Ozone-Based Food Colorants Decomposition Using On-Fiber Derivatization-SPME-GC-MS

Fruit leathers (FLs) production produces some not-to-specification material, which contains valuable ingredients like fruit pulp, sugars and acidulates. Recovery of FL for product recycling requires decolorization. In earlier research, we proved the efficiency of an ozone-based decolorization process; however, it produces carbonyls as major byproducts, which could be of concern. A headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for 10 carbonyls analysis in ozonated FL solution/suspension. Effects of dopant concentration, derivatization temperature and time were studied. The adapted method was used to analyze ozonated FL solution/suspension samples. Dopant concentration and derivatization temperature were optimized to 17 mg/mL and 60 °C, respectively. Competitive extraction was studied, and 5 s extraction time was used to avoid non-linear derivatization of 2-furfural. The detection limits (LODs) for target carbonyls ranged from 0.016 and 0.030 µg/L. A much lower LOD (0.016 ppb) for 2-furfural was achieved compared with 6 and 35 ppb in previous studies. Analysis results confirmed the robustness of the adapted method for quantification of carbonyls in recycled process water treated with ozone-based decolorization. Ethanal, hexanal, 2-furfural, and benzaldehyde were identified as byproducts of known toxicity but all found below levels for concern

Reduction of S02 in Flue Gas and Applications of Fly Ash: A Review

Flue gas and fly ash are the two most important wastes from power plants. This review focuses on technologies for S02 removal from emissions and on properties and applications of fly ash. It predominantly focuses on the non-European situation; in Europe, flue gas desulfurization and ash utilization have been extensively practiced during several decades. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies are the most commonly used methods in the removal of S02 in flue gas. Factors influencing S02 removal efficiency and optimal operation conditions are considered. Physical and chemical properties of fly ash make it useable in various fields, such as cement production, concrete admixtures, soil amendment, as a low-cost adsorbent of certain types of contaminants in wastewater, and in the production of effective wastewater coagulants

Surrogate-based optimization of tidal turbine arrays: a case study for the Faro-Olhão inlet

This paper presents a study for estimating the size of a tidal turbine array for the Faro-Olhão Inlet (Potugal) using a surrogate optimization approach. The method compromises problem formulation, hydro-morphodynamic modelling, surrogate construction and validation, and constraint optimization. A total of 26 surrogates were built using linear RBFs as a function of two design variables: number of rows in the array and Tidal Energy Converters (TECs) per row. Surrogates describe array performance and environmental effects associated with hydrodynamic and morphological aspects of the multi inlet lagoon. After validation, surrogate models were used to formulate a constraint optimization model. Results evidence that the largest array size that satisfies performance and environmental constraints is made of 3 rows and 10 TECs per row.Eduardo González-Gorbeña has received funding for the OpTiCA project (http://msca-optica.eu/) from the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions of the European Union's H2020-MSCA-IF-EF-RI-2016 / GA#: 748747. The paper is a contribution to the SCORE pro-ject, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT–PTDC/AAG-TEC/1710/2014). André Pacheco was supported by the Portuguese Foun-dation for Science and Technology under the Portuguese Researchers’ Programme 2014 entitled “Exploring new concepts for extracting energy from tides” (IF/00286/2014/CP1234).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio