How to Find Anything on The Internet?

In this book was describe the ways how to find necessary information, proper job or someone on the Net. There are listed a most important search engines and portals. The reader will find how to make own e-mail address on the free web-mails and how to publish his/ her web site. Doesn’t matter if these are Bulgarian or Foreign sites – they are on the Interne

Analyzing the functionality of the human intestinal microbiota by stable isotope probing

Key words: gut bacteria, dietary carbohydrates, digestion, RNA-SIP, TIM-2, HITChip, human trial The human gastro-intestinal (GI) tract comprises a series of complex and dynamic organs ranging from the stomach to the distal colon, which harbor immense microbial assemblages, with considerable diversity and significant metabolic activity that are vital for human health. For understanding the functionality of microbial communities, it is necessary to elucidate the role of individual species within a community. The aim of the current study was to explore the functionality of the human GI tract microbiota, particularly in the conversions of dietary carbohydrates, in the human large intestine using in vitro as well as in vivo experiments. The functional capacity of the human intestinal microbiota in the fermentation of relevant [13-C]-labeled dietary carbohydrates was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-based Stable Isotope Probing (SIP). Integrated application of RNA-based SIP with high-throughput diagnostic microarray-based phylogenetic profiling and metabolic flux analysis resulted in identification of the primary degraders of potato starch, inulin and lactose under human colon-like conditions. Furthermore, metabolic cross-feeding networks were proposed, involving secondary fermentation processes. Ruminococcus bromii was identified as the key player in the degradation of potato starch based on molecular analysis of samples taken during the fermentation under human colon like conditions, but also through fermentation studies in mono-culture or co-culture with Eubacterium rectale. The latter experiments revealed a cross-feeding relationship between R. bromii and E. rectale that involved the H2 produced by R. bromii from the starch degradation to increase production of propionate and acetate by E. rectale. Furthermore, species related to Dorea longicatena and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were identified as key members in inulin degradation, and Actinobacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium spp. and Collinsella spp., were found to be the main taxa involved in lactose fermentation under human colon like conditions. Moving beyond in vitro studies we explored the role of the gut microbiota in lactose fermentation with a pioneering study, where [U-13C]-lactose was delivered directly to the terminal ileum of healthy human volunteers using a multi-lumen catheter that was also used for sampling of luminal content, which was further examined by RNA-SIP and phylogenetic microarray analysis. Individual patterns of the microbiota involved in lactose fermentation were observed, showing that in both volunteers different microbial populations were involved, which could be attributed to differences in the sampling location. A population related to Lactobacillus plantarum was found to be most actively involved in fermentation in one of the volunteers during the trial, while in the other volunteer most probably members of the genera Bifidobacterium and Colinsella were the primary lactose degraders, in agreement with the in vitro model study. Further analysis of the metabolites that accumulated during lactose degradation will help to reconstruct the metabolic pathways involved in intestinal metabolism. Based on our exploratory research using RNA-based stable isotope probing together with high throughput phylogenetic analysis and metabolite profiling we could expand our knowledge on key microbial functions related to a healthy gut status. </p

From Web 2 to Web 3 : yesterday, today and tomorrow – where is the technology taking us?

Ever since the term “Web 2.0” was introduced, people have been asking: What is coming next? Web 3.0? Is it the semantic web? Is it the social web? Mobile technologies? Is it some form of virtual reality? The paper will highlight the Web 2.0 - Web 3.0 movement with practical examples, the changes it brings in everyday life for academic libraries. From blogs, wikis, social bookmarking, social networking, instant messaging, flickr, and You Tube, to the explosion of twitter and mobile technologies. Are we ready for the Web 3.0 and the new challenge it provides? We need to ask: Where are we now and where do we want to be? Where is the technology taking us? “Once a new technology rolls over you, if you are not part of the steamroller, you are part of the road” Stewart Brand

Changing times, changing lives: the construction and deconstruction of youth in East and West Europe

'Diese Studie analysiert die Lage der Jugend in Osteuropa einerseits und in Westeuropa andererseits. Sie stützt sich auf Jugend-Theorien und empirische Daten von beiden Hälften Europas mit der Hauptperspektive, daraus internationale Vergleiche abzuleiten. Die Studie beginnt mit der Darstellung der zentralen Theorien über 'Jugend' in unterschiedlichen systemischen und historischen Kontexten. Die Untersuchung stellt die These auf, daß Jugend als Alterskategorie ein Ergebnis des Prozesses der europäischen Modernisierung darstellt, welcher die Konstruktion des Konzeptes 'Jugend' bewirkte. Dessen ungeachtet haben aktuelle Trends wie die Flexibilisierung des Arbeitsmarktes, die Ausweitung des Bildungssektors und der Anstieg von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit dazu beigetragen, die Periode der 'Jugend' zu verlängern. Wir sprechen von den 'postmodernen Tendenzen' der Dekonstruktion von Jugend als einer Alterskategorie. Dennoch konnten wir Beispiele sowohl für Prozesse der Modernisierung als auch der Postmodernisierung im Bereich der Jugendforschung aufzeigen. Die Studie befaßt sich mit den Themenbereichen der historischen Jugendbewegungen, mit Bildung, Beschäftigung und Arbeitsmarkt, mit dem Zusammenhang von Jugend, von Familien, mit Lebenszyklen, mit Fragen der Jugendkultur und mit dem Wechselspiel von Jugend und Politik.' (Autorenreferat)'This report considers the situation of young people in Eastern and Western Europe. It draws upon theories of youth and data about them from both halves of Europe in order to draw comparisons. The report begins by considering the main theories of youth in each context. The report argues that youth as an age category is a product of processes of European modernization which have served to construct youth. However, recent trends such as flexibilisation in the labour market, the expansion of education and rising youth unemployment have helped to extend the period of youth and could be described as postmodernising tendencies: they deconstruct youth as an age category. However, the authors are able to point examples of both tendencies in contemporary European societies. The report covers the field of the historical youth movements, education and work, family lifecourse, youth cultures and young people in politics.' (author's abstract)

Web-based youth communities in the light of cyberspace psychology

The internet new media creates new types of communities – online or web-based communities in virtual reality. Everyone, to a certain degree, is involved in building and creating online communities. The main aim of this study is to make an overview of cyberspace technology and to extrapolate the influence of computers, technology and virtual environments on the psychology of Bulgarian students (individuals and groups). This study is focused on the chief features of web-based life in web-based communities. Web-based youth communities are capable of mirroring the behaviour of people in virtual realit

An adaptive feedback approach for e-learning systems

The adaptive e-learning systems are a hot topic of educational research. The approach presented is a knowledge-based. There are several types of adaptation of an e-learning system to the learner: content adaptation, interface personalization, etc. This paper dials with a model for adaptation of the learner assessment and the content of one learning system. The model is based on Computer Adaptive Test Theory (CAT) and organization of the learning domains. The learning objects (LO) and the test item ontology play a central role as resource structuring. It supports flexible adaptive strategies for assessment and navigation through the content. Learner knowledge is assessed by CAT and then the system returns the learner to the right leaning material corresponding to the knowledge shown. The congruence between CAT item bank and the LO pool is based on intelligent agents. It supports adaptive feedback to the students depending on the learner evaluation

Design of an eLearning System for Accreditation of Non-formal Learning

This paper deals with issues related to the non-formal learning in vocational education, and the role of ICT for providing appropriate accreditation model in such education. The presented conclusions are based on the Leonardo da Vinci project LeoSPAN. The paper emphasises on the development of a model and a prototype of an adaptive eLearning system that ensures the pre-defined learner outcomes. One of the advantages of the eLearning system is the flexibility for people who upgrade and improve their knowledge

e-Learning for e-Learning: Reflection on Teacher and Student Experiences in an e-Learning Course

The paper discusses design and implementation issues of a university course on e-learning, delivered in mixed mode. Reflections on teacher and student experiences are made and conclusions are drawn with regard to content, delivery mode, instructional materials and online support