Modern legal hermeneutics as a mechanism of interpretation of principles and values in law

The purpose of the article: the reflection of legal hermeneutics as one of the main mechanisms for the interpretation of the principles and values of law. The research methodology is based on a complex combination of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, analogy, etc.), philosophical (hermeneutical) and special legal (regulatory and analytical, comparative legal) methods. The scientific novelty of the work in the disclosure of consists in revealing the significance of legal hermeneutics as one of the main mechanisms for interpreting the principles and values of law, as well as the study of the possibilities of applying legal hermeneutics in reformed legal systems. Conclusions. The need to apply hermeneutical practices in law arose due to the discrepancy between the concepts of «legal act» and «law». Statutory instrument is considered only as a guide on the road to living law. At the same time, while awarding judgement, the judge must understand what the legislator has invested in the content of the law and how to interpret it in a particular case. Thus, it is obvious that the legal hermeneutics expressively demonstrates the essence of law as a pure legal, natural one. Legal hermeneutics acquires a new axiological level, which opens up a new way to the perception of a person, his rights and freedoms by the highest social values. The absence of a legislative monopoly on lawmaking makes it possible to take into account the significance of legal values and principles at all stages of the creation and application of law.Цель статьи − рефлексия юридической герменевтики как одного из основных механизмов толкования принципов и ценностей права. Методология исследования базируется на комплексном сочетании общенаучных (анализ, синтез, аналогия и др.), философских (герменевтический) и специально-юридических (нормативно-аналитический, сравнительно-правовой) методов. Научная новизна работы заключается в раскрытии значения юридической герменевтики как одного из основных механизмов толкования принципов и ценностей права, а также в исследовании возможностей применения правовой герменевтики в реформированных системах права. Выводы. Необходимость применения герменевтических наработок в праве возникла из-за несовпадения понятий «закон» и «право». Нормативно-правовой акт рассматривается только как путеводитель на пути к живому праву. При этом судья при вынесении решения должен понимать, что вложено законодателем в содержание закона и как это толковать в конкретном случае. Таким образом, очевидно, что правовая герменевтика отчетливо демонстрирует сущность права как надюридическую, естественную. Юридическая герменевтика приобретает новый аксиологический уровень, открывает новый путь к осознанию человека, его прав и свобод высшими социальными ценностями. Отсутствие монополии законодательной власти на правотворчество дает возможность учитывать значимость правовых ценностей и принципов на всех стадиях создания и применения права. Эта возможность требует высокого уровня правовой культуры субъектов толкования. Для реформируемых систем права это будет означать качественно новый уровень развития всей правовой системы

Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia

BACKGROUND Patients with elevated triglyceride levels are at increased risk for ischemic events. Icosapent ethyl, a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, lowers triglyceride levels, but data are needed to determine its effects on ischemic events. METHODS We performed a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with established cardiovascular disease or with diabetes and other risk factors, who had been receiving statin therapy and who had a fasting triglyceride level of 135 to 499 mg per deciliter (1.52 to 5.63 mmol per liter) and a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 41 to 100 mg per deciliter (1.06 to 2.59 mmol per liter). The patients were randomly assigned to receive 2 g of icosapent ethyl twice daily (total daily dose, 4 g) or placebo. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina. The key secondary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. RESULTS A total of 8179 patients were enrolled (70.7% for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events) and were followed for a median of 4.9 years. A primary end-point event occurred in 17.2% of the patients in the icosapent ethyl group, as compared with 22.0% of the patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.83; P<0.001); the corresponding rates of the key secondary end point were 11.2% and 14.8% (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.83; P<0.001). The rates of additional ischemic end points, as assessed according to a prespecified hierarchical schema, were significantly lower in the icosapent ethyl group than in the placebo group, including the rate of cardiovascular death (4.3% vs. 5.2%; hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.98; P=0.03). A larger percentage of patients in the icosapent ethyl group than in the placebo group were hospitalized for atrial fibrillation or flutter (3.1% vs. 2.1%, P=0.004). Serious bleeding events occurred in 2.7% of the patients in the icosapent ethyl group and in 2.1% in the placebo group (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with elevated triglyceride levels despite the use of statins, the risk of ischemic events, including cardiovascular death, was significantly lower among those who received 2 g of icosapent ethyl twice daily than among those who received placebo. (Funded by Amarin Pharma; REDUCE-IT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01492361