Celebrating 40 years of the Croatian Microscopy Society

We are delighted to present a special issue of Periodicum biologorum,dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Croatian Microscopy Societyas an independent Society and the 40th anniversary of its foundation

Criminological, historical and legal aspects of prostitution

Докторска дисертација говори о појави проституције у друштву од најстаријих времена до данас, као и о односу законодавства према тој појави. Тешко је одредити појам проституције, зато што не постоји једиствена дефиниција, ове појаве. Уобичајно и наше мишљење је да проституцију сагледамо као вршење недопуштених сексуалних односа лица женског пола на комерцијалној основи. У овом раду бавимо се менталним склопом особа које називамо проституткама тј. узроком, последицом, садржајем проституције. Поред женске проституције, постоји у специфичној форми мушка проституција (хомосексуализам, псеудохомосексуализам, жиголо и др.). У Србији данас (због полне равноправности) и мушкарци који врше радње проституције изједначени су са женским полом, сходно законодаству. Мушка проституција се најчешће изражава у сексуалној привлачности лица истог пола, односно равнодушност за супротан пол. Слична појава дешава се и код особа женског пола и ту појаву називамо лезбејство. Проституција је једна од најстаријих социопатолошких појава и одувек је била проблем за свако друштво у различитом историском периоду. У новом веку, проституција се нарочито уочавала и развијала са колонизацијом, миграцијама, нарочито са пресељавањем становништва из села у градове. И данас, а нарочито у предходним вековима када су се градови развијали, у њима су постојали лоши стамбени, комунални и други социјални услови. У данашњим условима неки европски градови, као нпр. Амстердам имају посебне градске четврти, ткз. “црвене фењере“, у којима су сконцентрисане проститутке. Са развојeм аутомобилске индустрије, телефоније, компјутерског повезивања проституција добија нове начине испољавања и повезивања између давалаца и корисника тих услуга. У старом и средњем веку проституција је била толерисана, а нарочито ткз. религиозна проституција. У старој Грчкој робиње су се бавиле проституцијом, али треба имати у виду да је правни положај жене био изједначен са правом на ствар. У то време у Грчкој проституција се одвија под контролом државе. Према историјским изворима Солон је организовао јавне куће- „диктирон“ под контролом државе у којима су биле окупљене робиње „диктеријаде“, а од добијених средстава поред осталог подигнут је и храм богињи Афродити. Диктеријаде су биле разврстане у три групе. Прву су сачињавале обичне проститутке, другу групу су чиниле забављачице и свирачице на флаути, а трећу хетере које су биле више метресе него проститутке и оне су одржавале везе са богатим и угледним људима. Тиме је и њихов утицај био значајан у друштву. Јавне куће под називом „луганоријум“ постојале су и у Риму. У средњем веку опада толеранција према проституцији, а нарочито у протестанским земљама, да би у 18. веку почела да буде и кривично санкционисана. Познат је пример Аустијског кривичног законодаства из 1769 год.званог „Терезијана“, којим Марија Терезија оштро кажњава проституцију, конкубинат и љубавне везе пре брака. Овај пример закона показује да се проституција није увек толерисала, већ се искорењавала или бар сузбијала. Као главни типови проституције у литератури се наводе: религиозна, ритуална, компензациона, супституционална и професионална проституција. Предмет истраживања односно до истраживачког узрока могло се доћи на основу података из полиције, правосуђа и стручних радова из ове области. Треба имати у виду да даваоци и корисници услуга у проституцији желе да буду анонимни. Проучавајући проституцију, такође се бавимо страдањем жена као жртава у проституцији односно њену потпуну несигурност у том послу. Циљ истраживања - пронаћи узроке и решења како сузбити проституцију. Поред уобичајних података (анкета, статистичких података и др.) сагледани су и социјално-демографски фактори у вези са проституцијом као и однос жртве у проституцији. Нарочито ће се обрадити следећа питања: а) да ли су по мишљењу особе у проституцији њеном стању више погодовали друштвено – економски услови (сиромаштво, миграције, незапосленост, економске кризе и сл.) или је томе допринела сама особа или лице из њеног окружења (љубавник, силоватељ, болест, задуженост и сл.) б) Извршити поређење законске регулативе о проституцији и утврдити ставове особа у проституцији са законском регулативом из те области.Doktorska disertacija govori o pojavi prostitucije u društvu od najstarijih vremena do danas, kao i o odnosu zakonodavstva prema toj pojavi. Teško je odrediti pojam prostitucije, zato što ne postoji jedistvena definicija, ove pojave. Uobičajno i naše mišljenje je da prostituciju sagledamo kao vršenje nedopuštenih seksualnih odnosa lica ženskog pola na komercijalnoj osnovi. U ovom radu bavimo se mentalnim sklopom osoba koje nazivamo prostitutkama tj. uzrokom, posledicom, sadržajem prostitucije. Pored ženske prostitucije, postoji u specifičnoj formi muška prostitucija (homoseksualizam, pseudohomoseksualizam, žigolo i dr.). U Srbiji danas (zbog polne ravnopravnosti) i muškarci koji vrše radnje prostitucije izjednačeni su sa ženskim polom, shodno zakonodastvu. Muška prostitucija se najčešće izražava u seksualnoj privlačnosti lica istog pola, odnosno ravnodušnost za suprotan pol. Slična pojava dešava se i kod osoba ženskog pola i tu pojavu nazivamo lezbejstvo. Prostitucija je jedna od najstarijih sociopatoloških pojava i oduvek je bila problem za svako društvo u različitom istoriskom periodu. U novom veku, prostitucija se naročito uočavala i razvijala sa kolonizacijom, migracijama, naročito sa preseljavanjem stanovništva iz sela u gradove. I danas, a naročito u predhodnim vekovima kada su se gradovi razvijali, u njima su postojali loši stambeni, komunalni i drugi socijalni uslovi. U današnjim uslovima neki evropski gradovi, kao npr. Amsterdam imaju posebne gradske četvrti, tkz. “crvene fenjere“, u kojima su skoncentrisane prostitutke. Sa razvojem automobilske industrije, telefonije, kompjuterskog povezivanja prostitucija dobija nove načine ispoljavanja i povezivanja između davalaca i korisnika tih usluga. U starom i srednjem veku prostitucija je bila tolerisana, a naročito tkz. religiozna prostitucija. U staroj Grčkoj robinje su se bavile prostitucijom, ali treba imati u vidu da je pravni položaj žene bio izjednačen sa pravom na stvar. U to vreme u Grčkoj prostitucija se odvija pod kontrolom države. Prema istorijskim izvorima Solon je organizovao javne kuće- „diktiron“ pod kontrolom države u kojima su bile okupljene robinje „dikterijade“, a od dobijenih sredstava pored ostalog podignut je i hram boginji Afroditi. Dikterijade su bile razvrstane u tri grupe. Prvu su sačinjavale obične prostitutke, drugu grupu su činile zabavljačice i sviračice na flauti, a treću hetere koje su bile više metrese nego prostitutke i one su održavale veze sa bogatim i uglednim ljudima. Time je i njihov uticaj bio značajan u društvu. Javne kuće pod nazivom „luganorijum“ postojale su i u Rimu. U srednjem veku opada tolerancija prema prostituciji, a naročito u protestanskim zemljama, da bi u 18. veku počela da bude i krivično sankcionisana. Poznat je primer Austijskog krivičnog zakonodastva iz 1769 god.zvanog „Terezijana“, kojim Marija Terezija oštro kažnjava prostituciju, konkubinat i ljubavne veze pre braka. Ovaj primer zakona pokazuje da se prostitucija nije uvek tolerisala, već se iskorenjavala ili bar suzbijala. Kao glavni tipovi prostitucije u literaturi se navode: religiozna, ritualna, kompenzaciona, supstitucionalna i profesionalna prostitucija. Predmet istraživanja odnosno do istraživačkog uzroka moglo se doći na osnovu podataka iz policije, pravosuđa i stručnih radova iz ove oblasti. Treba imati u vidu da davaoci i korisnici usluga u prostituciji žele da budu anonimni. Proučavajući prostituciju, takođe se bavimo stradanjem žena kao žrtava u prostituciji odnosno njenu potpunu nesigurnost u tom poslu. Cilj istraživanja - pronaći uzroke i rešenja kako suzbiti prostituciju. Pored uobičajnih podataka (anketa, statističkih podataka i dr.) sagledani su i socijalno-demografski faktori u vezi sa prostitucijom kao i odnos žrtve u prostituciji. Naročito će se obraditi sledeća pitanja: a) da li su po mišljenju osobe u prostituciji njenom stanju više pogodovali društveno – ekonomski uslovi (siromaštvo, migracije, nezaposlenost, ekonomske krize i sl.) ili je tome doprinela sama osoba ili lice iz njenog okruženja (ljubavnik, silovatelj, bolest, zaduženost i sl.) b) Izvršiti poređenje zakonske regulative o prostituciji i utvrditi stavove osoba u prostituciji sa zakonskom regulativom iz te oblasti.Doctoral dissertation addresses the emergence of prostitution in society from the earliest times to the present day, as well as the relation of legislation to this phenomenon. It is difficult to define the concept of prostitution, because there is no universal definition of this phenomenon. Usually our opinion is that prostitution is seen as the exercise of illicit sexual relations of females on a commercial basis. In this paper we will deal with the mindset of people who are called prostitutes ie. causes, consequences, content of prostitution. In addition to the prostitution of women, there is a specific form of male prostitution (homosexuality, pseudohomosexuality, gigolo, etc.). In Serbia today (because of the gender equality) men who commit acts of prostitution are equated with the female sex, according to legislation. Male prostitution is most often expressed in the sexual attractiveness of the person of the same sex, or indifference to the opposite sex. A similar phenomenon occurs in females and this phenomenon is called lesbianism. Prostitution is one of the oldest socio-pathological phenomena and has always been a problem for any society in a different historical period. In the new century, prostitution was particularly identified and developed with colonization, migration, especially the resettlement of population from rural to urban areas. Even today, and particulary in the previous centuries when cities developed, there were poor housing, communal and other social conditions. Nowadays, some European cities such as Amsterdam, have specific city blocks, so called "Red Lanterns", where prostitutes are concentrated. With the development of the car industry, telephony, computer connectivity prostitution receives new ways of expression and connectivity between providers and users of these services. In ancient and medieval times, prostitution was tolerated and particularly the so-called religious prostitution. In ancient Greece, slaves were engaged in prostitution, but one should bear in mind that the legal position of women was equated with the right to the chase. At that time in Greece prostitution takes place under the control of the state. According to historical sources Solon organised public houses "dictiron" controlled by the state in which they gathered slaves "dictiriades" and with obtained means among other things raised a temple to the goddess Aphrodite. Dicteriades were divided into three groups. The first was composed of common prostitutes, the second group of entertainers and players of the flute, and the third heteros that were higher than the prostitute and they maintained connections with the rich and respectable people. That is why their impact was significant in society. Brothels called "luganorium" existed in Rome. In the Middle Ages tolerance towards prostitution is decreasing, especially in Protestant countries, and in the 18th century began to be criminally sanctioned. It is known the example of Austrian criminal legislation from 1769 so called "Tereziana" in which Maria Theresa harshly punishes prostitution, concubinage and love relationship before marriage. This example shows that the law has not always tolerated prostitution, butit was eradecated or at least suppressed. The main types of prostitution in the literature are cited: religious, ritual, compensational, and substitutional and professional prostitution. The subject of research or the causes of the research could be reached on the basis of information from the police, judiciary and professional papers in the field. It should be bare in mind that the providers and users of services in prostitution want to be anonymous. By studying prostitution, we are also dealing with women as victims of starvation in prostitution or her complete uncertainty in the business. The aim of the research - to find causes and solutions to combat prostitution. Besides the usual data (surveys, statistics, etc.) there were also percieved socio-demographic factors related to prostitution and the relationship of the victim in prostitution. Furthermore, the following issues will be elaborated: a) whether the opinion of the people in prostitution that its condition served more socio - economic conditions (poverty, migration, unemployment, economic crisis, etc.) or the person contributed to it or entity from its environment ( lover, rapist, illness, debt, etc.) b) Carry out comparison of legislation on prostitution and to determine the attitudes of people in prostitution with the legislation in this area

MARKET ANALYSIS OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS MARKET – THE CASE OF CROATIA

The structure of the telecommunications market is an extremely important factor in the development of each country. Generally, it can be said that the structure of the market is moving from a monopoly, which initially defined the Croatian market, through liberalization into an oligopolistic market, and then finally into a market of monopolistic competition. The mobile networks industry is characteristically a natural monopoly since only a limited number of companies can remain within the market equilibrium, regardless of the size of the market. The aim of this research is to determine the characteristics and specifics of the telecommunication market in Croatia. Furthermore, by conducting an in-depth analysis of the telecommunication services in Croatia, conclusions will be drawn about the current market competitors, the marketing aspect as well as the legal regulations within this field

Design and realization of side-cuts in flysch rock mass

Opisuje se metodologija projektiranja i izvedbe sustava za osiguranje stabilnosti zasjeka u flišnoj stijenskoj masi na riječkom području. Na temelju rezultata istražnih radova, iskustva tijekom izvedbe zahvata na osiguranju stabilnosti stijenskih zasjeka u naslagama fliša te mjerenja i promatranja tijekom izvođenja i provedbom povratnih analiza o stanju naprezanja i deformacija utvrđene su značajke stijenske mase s opisom realne veličine parametara čvrstoće i deformabilnosti.The methodology applied in the design and realization of the system used to stabilize side cuts in flysch rock formations in Rijeka area is described. Rock mass properties were determined, and strength and deformability parameters were described, on the basis of investigation results, experience gained during stabilization of side cuts in flysch formations, and using results of measurement and monitoring activities conducted during back analyses of stress/strain properties

REAKCIJA KUKURUZA NA GNOJIDBU FOSFOROM NA HIDROMORFNOME TLU BOSANSKE POSAVINE

In a four year experiment the effect of ameliorative phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 750, 1250 and 1750 P2O5 kg ha-1 in the form of triple superphosphate containing 45 % P2O5) on maize grain yields and maize nutrient status (the ear-leaf at silking) was examined. P fertilization resulted mainly in considerable yield increase being 17%(4-year means 2005-2008: 4.30 and 5.02 t ha-1, for control and ameliorative P-fertilized treatments, respectively). Yield increases were achieved mainly by application of the first step of P in level of 750 kg P2O5 ha-1, while differences among P treatments were significant only in the second year of testing. P application had significantly influence on P, Mg, Mn and Zn status in maize leaves (0.36 and 0.56% P, 0.61 and 0.77% Mg, 53.3 and 69.2 mg Mn kg-1, 68.0 and 41.1 mg Zn kg-1, for control and 1750 kg P2O5 kg ha-1, respectively), while differences in leaf K, Ca, S Fe and Cu were non-significant (means 1.05% K, 0.83% Ca, 0.23% S, 148 mg Fe kg-1 and 11.1 mg Cu kg-1). Protein, starch and oil contents in maize grain (2-year means: 8.83%, 72.04% and 3.78%, respectively) were independent on P fertilization.Istraživan je utjecaj melioracijske gnojidbe fosforom (0, 750, 1250 i 1750 P2O5 kg ha-1 u obliku trostrukoga superfosfata 45% P2O5) na prinose i stanje ishrane kukuruza (list ispod klipa u svilanju). Gnojidba fosforom povećala je prinose kukuruza u prosjeku za 17% (4-g prosjek 2005.-2008.: 4.30 i 5.02 t ha-1, na kontroli i na tretmanima gnojidbe fosforom). Povećanje prinosa uslijedilo je već primjenom 750 kg P2O5 ha-1, a statistički značajne razlike između pojedinih stepenica dodanoga P bile su evidentne samo u 2006. godini. Melioracijska gnojidba fosforom značajno je utjecala na koncentracije P, Mg, Mn i Zn u listu (0,36 i 0,56% P; 0,61 i 0,77% Mg; 53,3 i 69,2 mg Mn kg-1; 68,0 i 41,1 mg Zn kg-1 za kontrolu, odnosno 1750 kg P2O5 kg ha-1), dok su koncentracije K, Ca, S, Fe i Cu bile slične (prosjeci 1,05% K, 0,83% Ca, 0,23% S, 148 mg Fe kg-1 i 11.1 mg Cu kg-1). Sadržaj bjelančevina, škroba i ulja u zrnu (2-god. prosjeci: 8,83%, 72,04%, odnosno 3,78%) bili su neovisni o gnojidbi fosforom

Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Phenolic Content in Strawberry Fruit and Jam

Fresh fruit of three strawberry cultivars Fragaria ananassa × Duch. (cvs. ‘Clery’, ‘Honeoye’ and ‘NF 421’ (Asia)) were investigated and used to produce jams, which were analyzed before and after dark storage at 20 °C for six months. The aim of this investigation was to characterize all the samples in relation to the total phenolics, flavonoids, nonflavonoids, total anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. Among investigated strawberry fruit cv. Clery showed the highest amount of total phenolics, while regarding to total anthocyanins, cvs. ‘Honeoye’ and ‘NF 421’ showed higher amounts of total anthocyanins. The jam processing under applied conditions had appreciable effects on preserving stability of polyphenolics. Our results showed that total phenolics were more stable during processing in comparison with total anthocyanins. Furthermore, in all investigated samples flavonoids were predominant. Relevant differences among cultivars were observed when total phenolics, total anthocyanins, flavonoid and nonflavonoid contents in jams were compared. After six months storage, in all investigated samples anthocyanins were at least stable, without marked influences of cultivar. Compared to the strawberry fruits, the jams also represented a significant source of antioxidant compounds, even considering the lower content of phenolic compounds. Six month storage had influence on further decrease of antioxidant activity. Among investigated samples, the highest correlation was found in the total anthocyanins contents and the DPPH. Hence, the obtained results showed that besides fresh strawberry fruit, the strawberry jams also possess noticeable content of important bioactive compounds with considerable antioxidant activity

Towards the Strongest Neutral Organic Superbases Based on Intramolecular H-bonds

Utilizing several different trialkylarsine oxides and substituted pyridine N-oxides as a hydrogen bond acceptors in tri-substituted guanidines we designed several very basic superbases possessing intramo-lecular hydrogen bonds (IHB-superbases), with proton affinity in the gas phase that comes very close to that of paradigmatic P4-tBu Schwesinger superbase and with pKa in acetonitrile up to 36 units

Sensory Profile of Plum Nectars

Nectars are beverages formulated with the juice or pulp of one or more fruits, with addition of water and sugar in various proportions depending on local taste, government standards, pH, and fruit composition of the variety used. Recently, the market for such products has greatly expanded. Consumers are looking even more for food with pleasant characteristics in terms of flavor, appearance and aroma. In this study, plum nectar samples, prepared by various recipes, were sensory evaluated to describe and compare its sensory characteristics. Plum (Prunus domestica L.) fruit was used to produce cloudy juice with small scale laboratory equipment. Before pressing on hydraulic press, fruits were depitted and chopped and treated with maceration enzymes at 48 ºC during 2 hours. After pressing, cloudy juice was pasteurized and used to produce plum nectars formulated to 12 % Brix with various contents of fruit (30 % or 60 %), with sucrose or fructose and addition of citric or malic acid. All prepared nectars were sensory evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). A research using different nectars showed signifi cantly better overall acceptance for a products formulated with 60 % as compared to those produced with 30 % of fruit content (p<0.05). The sensory acceptance of nectars was not signifi cantly affected by addition of different sugars or acids (p<0.05). Without influence of fruit content, sugar or acid addition, sensory attributes of aftertaste, tartness and off flavour were not expressed. Nectar with 60 % of fruit content, added sucrose and citric acid was evaluated as the most drinkable with high scores for all desirable attributes. The least accepted nectar was one with fruit content of 30 %, added fructose and mallic acid. Thus, some products presented good sensory acceptance suggesting commercial potential

Influence of Jam Processing Upon the Contents of Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity in Strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa × Duch.)

Seven cultivars of strawberry (Diamante, Elsanta, Honeoye, Madeleine, Marmolada, Miranda and Miss) were analyzed for total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), total nonfl avonoids (TN), total anthocyanins (TA) and antioxidant capacity (AC) before and after low sugar jam production to evaluate their changes after thermal processing. The content of TP, TF and TN were determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Anthocyanins were determined by spectral method based on the bisulfite bleaching of monomeric anthocyanins. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by ,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil radical (DPPH). Fresh fruits had total phenolics ranging from 251.97 to 713.06 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g of dry weight. In all investigated samples, fresh strawberries and jams, nonflavonoids were predominant phenols. Cultivar Honeoye had the highest amounts, while cultivar Miss had the lowest amounts of TP and TN. Cultivar Miranda had TF in the highest concentrations, while the lowest concentrations were found in cultivar Marmolada. TA for investigated cultivars was 63.55-177.71 mg Cy-3-G/100 d.w. with strong differences among cultivars. On the basis of dry weight the processing and heating during jam making generally decreased the contents of TP for 37-70 %. During processing, cultivar Madeleine showed the greatest stability of TP, TN and TF, while cultivar Elsanta showed the greatest anthocyanins stability. In comparison with fresh strawberry fruit, whose antioxidant capacity were in the range of 0.23 mmol TE/kg f.w. to 0.67 mmol TE/kg f.w., the jams also represent a noticeable source of antioxidant compounds, even considering the lower content of phenolic compounds, with the antioxidant capacity of 0.20 mmol TE/kg f.w. to 0.62 mmol TE/kg f.w. Hence, the obtained results showed that besides fresh strawberry fruit, the strawberry jams also possess noticeable content of important bioactive compounds with considerable antioxidant capacity