Geographic distribution of the three Malagasy <i>Litomosa</i> clades identified from <i>Miniopterus</i> spp. overlaid on bioclimatic regions of the island.

<p>Geographic distribution of the three Malagasy <i>Litomosa</i> clades identified from <i>Miniopterus</i> spp. overlaid on bioclimatic regions of the island.</p

Filarial nematodes infection rates in Malagasy bats.

<p>Filarial nematodes infection rates in Malagasy bats.</p

Dietrich_Leptospira_alignments

Dietrich_Leptospira_alignment

Localization of the different sampling sites on Madagascar overlaid on elevation.

<p>Localization of the different sampling sites on Madagascar overlaid on elevation.</p

Variation in the number of <i>Miniopterus</i> bats infected by the different <i>Litomosa</i> clades based on bioclimatic regions (see Fig 4).

<p>Variation in the number of <i>Miniopterus</i> bats infected by the different <i>Litomosa</i> clades based on bioclimatic regions (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0145709#pone.0145709.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a>).</p

Host-parasite associations between <i>Miniopterus</i> spp. (Cyt <i>b</i>) and Afro-Malagasy <i>Litomosa</i> spp. (COI).

<p>Phylogenies were created using the HKY+G and HKY+I substitution model, respectively.</p

Syntopic associations (inter-species physical contact within roost-sites) of Malagasy <i>Miniopterus</i> spp.

<p>Syntopic associations (inter-species physical contact within roost-sites) of Malagasy <i>Miniopterus</i> spp.</p

Dietrich_Leptospira_alldata

Dietrich_Leptospira_alldat

Estimates of Evolutionary Divergence of pH1N1 among different clades.

<p>Genetic distances are displayed below the diagonal and standard error estimates, in italic, are shown above the diagonal. Analyses were conducted in MEGA5 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043742#pone.0043742-Tamura1" target="_blank">[28]</a> using the Tajima-Nei model <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043742#pone.0043742-Tajima1" target="_blank">[29]</a>.</p

Date estimations of pH1N1 clade apparition and circulation.

<p><b>a.</b> Bayesian estimates of The Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) for each clade (as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043742#pone-0043742-g001" target="_blank">Figures 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043742#pone.0043742.s001" target="_blank">S1</a>). BEAST analysis is based on concatemers of 6 segments (complete ORF) of the 28 Reunion Island sequences and 101 globally-representative GenBank sequences. <b>b.</b> TMRCA of sub-clades RUN-A and RUN-B. Red points indicate strains originating from the South West Indian Ocean region that were identified as belonging to the specified sub-clades via identification of specific mutations in segments HA and NA (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043742#pone-0043742-t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>). Throughout, points indicate date positions. Solid lines represent observed dates of an effective circulation for available isolates included in the analysis. Dashed lines represent estimated dates of circulation, dating back to the mean estimated TMRCA (95% confidence intervals). Lines are colored by clade as indicated. Stars n°1 and n°2 indicate the dates of the first imported case of pH1N1 (July 5) and the first autochthonous case (July 21) of pH1N1 in Reunion Island, respectively, as estimated by the regional epidemiological surveillance network.</p