Environmental Efficiency Analysis of Basmati Rice Production in Punjab, Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Development

The intensive use of chemicals worked as a catalyst to shift the production frontier but the most critical factor of maintaining a clean environment was totally ignored. The present study attempts to estimate the environmental efficiency of rice production by employing the translog stochastic production frontier approach. The data are collected from five major Basmati rice growing districts (Gujranwala, Sheikupura, Sialkot, Hafizabad, and Jhang) of Punjab in 2006. Chemical weedicides and nitrogen are treated as environmentally detrimental inputs. The mean technical efficiency index is sufficiently high (89 percent) but the environmental efficiency index of chemical weedicides alone is 14 percent while the joint environmental efficiency index of chemical weedicides and nitrogen is 24 percent implying that joint environmental efficiency is higher than chemical weedicide alone. It indicates that substantial reduction (86 percent) in chemical weedicide use is possible with higher level of productivity. Moreover, it is likely to contribute a considerable decrease in environmental pollution which is expected to enhance the performance of agriculture labour. The reduction in chemical weedicides will save Rs 297 per acre and Rs 1307.3 million over all from the rice crop in Punjab, improving the profitability of rice growing farmers by the same proportion. Empirical analysis indicates that reduction in environmental pollution together with higher level of profitability in rice production is achievable.Rice Production, Environmental Efficiency, Weedicide, Fertiliser (NPK), Stochastic Translog Frontier

Wastewater Use in Cauliflower Production and Farmer’s Health: An Economic Analysis

The present study aims to estimate the economic values of negative externalities of wastewater use in cauliflower production. Cost-benefit analysis is employed to estimate the farmer’s health externalities in the production sector. The data are collected from 200 farmers (100 from each group, wastewater and freshwater) in the year 2006 from two peri-urban villages of Faisalabad city. Ignoring the value of negative externalities, wastewater use is profitable in vegetable production but when the economic value of negative externalities are factored in the analysis, the results strongly discourage its use. The cost of health externalities due to wastewater use in cauliflower production (only for a three-month crop) is Rs 3.2 million from the 741 acres planted. In Faisalabad, 5,283 acres of vegetables are cultivated using wastewater, and the value of total negative health externalities amounts to Rs 90.7 million in a year. A huge economic loss due to wastewater use may attract the attention of policy agents to intervene. Among different available options, installation of a water treatment plant appears to be most viable to minimise the external effect of wastewater use in peri-urban agriculture.Cauliflower, Wastewater, Freshwater, Externalities, Health Damages, Cost-benefit Analysis

Compromise and Mutual Understanding: The Conspicuous Lesson in Bhattacharya’s “A Shadow from Ladakh”

In addition to hunger and freedom, compromise and mutual understanding, is another dominant theme in Bhattacharya’s fiction. The novel ‘Shadow From Ladakh’ was written with the political fervour  but it has also the conspicuous lesson of understanding and compromise,  it was published in 1966. The title of the novel is suggestive of a popular proverb---‘Coming events cast their shadows before them.’ The novel is not against the menacing background of the Chinese attack on India in 1962. The shadow of Chinese aggression is to be felt everywhere in Ladakh and the same is cast throughout the length and breadth of India. The theme of the novel suggests the conflict of ideologies during the critical development of India as an independent and self reliant country of the world. The union of Bhaskar Roy and Sumita, the two different life styles and ideologies, is suggestive of the fact that such kind of ideological conflicts can be resolved through mutual understanding and compromise. Keywords: Political fervour, proverb, conspicuous, menacing, aggression, ideologies, critical development. INTRODUCTION The  novel, ‘Shadow From Ladakh’, deals with the central theme of India during the Chinese invasion of 1962. The main purpose of the novel is to present a contrast between rural and urban way of life. The novel emphatically pleads for a compromise and mutual understanding between the two ways of life as no one is complete and perfect in itself. The novel symbolically and suggestively advocates for a give and take between the spinning wheel and the spindle the two ways of life, the traditional and the modern. The novel also shows people’s concern to preserve the freedom of the country and Indians as a race which believe in the universal brotherhood and tolerance. Through this novel, Bhattacharya has attempted at the union of two different ideologies of Gandhi and Nehru for the development of India as a strong, prosperous and healthy nation. An intensive analysis of the novel shows that the novelist has suggested a synthesis of the spinning wheel and the spindle --- Gandhi and Nehru for making India strong and developed. The novel also attempts at the synthesis of Gandhi’s asceticism with Tagore’s aestheticism for the welfare of its people. CONFLICT OF IDEOLOGIES This conflict of ideologies is developed through the two opposite character---- Bhashkar and Satyajit. The later events of the novel suggest that the two views and ideologies of life are to be united to lead a happy and contented life. Sumita a true Gandhian plans to marry Bhashkar, points out the meeting of the two diverse view points of life. The conflict of ideologies is symbolized in the novel by the clash between Gandhi gram and steel town. Satyajit is the leader of Gandhi gram. He is a true Gandhian and so believes in simple living and austere ways of life. He patterns the symbolic village Gandhi gram after the Gandhian values. His wife Saruchi is well educated beautiful lady who studied at Shanti Niketan and had mastered the refinement of Tagorian culture. The couple has a daughter named Sumita who is carefully trained by her father and mother. Gandhi gram and satyajit represent Gandhiji’s India but the crisis comes in when India is attacked by China in 1962 and India Government under the leadership of Nehru decides to meet strength with strength to deal with the new situation. Gandhian satyajit does not like this position and as he is a true disciple of Gandhiji, plans for a Peace March to deal with the situation. He marches to Ladakh to touch the hearts of the Chinese people and make them give up their aggressive intentions. He truly believes in the Gandhian principle of facing hatred with love. At all the three levels--- economic, personal and international, satyajit faces antagonism.  The peace of the Gandhigram is disturbed and Gandhian economics is threatened by the new cry of industrialization especially when the steel town with its heavy machine and furnace blasts comes in the vicinity of Gandhi gram. Shadow From Ladakh is hovering all over India and in the new situation steel and its strength has attained new significance. Steel stands as the symbol of India’s freedom since it is the core of all ornament and war fare. The America trained engineer Bhaskar Roy is the main force behind the steel town. Bhaskar Rao represents a multi dimensional opposition to satyajit and his ideology. His American education makes him believe in steel standing for mass production to cope with the growing population of India, Providing shield to protect new born nation from all kinds of foreign attacks like that of China. Bhaskar wants to expand his steel town at the cast of Gandhi gram. Thus, the unavoidable conflict comes in and Satyajit and Bhashkar, representing the two ideologies of India come in opposition to each other. The Chinese invasion of 1962 justifies the stand of Bhaskar Rao and the new ideology. There can be no doubt that India needs industrialization to meet the demands of the growing population Bhaskar works and devote his time and energy to speed up the production just ---“To make four hundred million lives as a little more livable.” At one point of time, Sumita misunderstood the plans of Bhaskar Rao and she is repelled by his deceit and his sinister design against her father and the Gandhigram. But later on, after her return from Delhi and her visits to various places in Delhi make her realize the meaning of modern life and its ways. Now she realizes the meaning of life in its full splendour and the significance of a modern woman in the affairs of present day life and economic development of the country. After her return from Delhi we get an enlightened Sumita who is more inclined to Western way of life and to Bhaskar Rao, the living symbol of modern day life and culture. COMPROMISE AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING IN TWO DIVERSE IDEOLOGIES Bhaskar falling in love with Sumita brings a synthesis or compromise of the two diverse ideologies. Bhaskar’s attitude to satyajit and his idea undergoes a change. He ultimately decides not to annex Gandhi gram in the way he proposed. Bhaskar himself leads a procession of workmen from steel town to Gandhi gram to announce to victory of satyajit. Thus the crisis of the novel is resolved. Satyajit gains Gandhigram at the cost of Sumita who is at last free from the curse of anti-life and asceticism. Thus, the two ways of life get close and they learn to co-exist as the story of the novel comes to an end. Bhaskar’s marriage to Sumita is a symbolic marriage of steel town to Gandhi gram. While Bhaskar has changed his views of the Indian village, Satyajit also has changed himself in his thinking and ideology. The critic G P Sharma has rightly observed: The novel ends with, “A happy Combination of Gandhi, Nehru and Tagore.” As a novelist, Bhattacharya is more concerned with the future of India, her social, religious, moral, economic and political resurrection. The moral of the story and its plot is to support the emergence of New India on the basis of a healthy and positive view of life from all kinds of worn out Traditions and old, obsolete view of life. Thus, in the new context, neither the Gandhian nor the Nehruvian ideology is perfect in itself, only a harmonious and perfect blend of the two is needed to solve the problems of present day India. CONCLUSION Thus working on the said aspect of the novel, Bhattacharya’s  thrust on mutual sharing, compromise and search for meeting point of conflicting ideologies appears to be a realistic  approach for building of a progressive and value based Indian society and nation, and it also can serve as a guiding principle for societies beyond India. It was probably one of the reasons that paved way for the translation of his works in almost all the major languages of the world thus making him a writer of  universal appeal and relevance.   REFRENCES 1) Bhattacharya, Bhabani. Shadow From Ladakh. Delhi, Hind Pocket Books, 1966 2) Chandrashekharan, K.R., Bhabani Bhattacharya. New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann, 1974. 3) Shimer, Dorothy Blair. Bhabani Bhattacharya. New York, Twayne Publishers, 1975. 4) Gokak, V.K., English in India: Its Present and Future. Bombay 1964. 5) Iyengark,R.Srinivasa. Indian Writing in English. New Delhi, Sterling Publisher, 1983. 6) Singh, Narendra Pratap. Social Criticism in the Novels of Bhabani Bhattacharya. S. S. Pblishers, 2007. 7) Singh, K. Kunjo. The Fiction of Bhabani Bhattacharya. Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi. 8) Rai. G., Bhabani Bhattacharya: A Study of His Novel. B. R. Publishing, 1995. P.11.

Weighted Alignment Free Dissimilarity Metric for Promoter Sequence Comparison

Comparative sequence analysis has been a powerful tool in bioinformatics which interprets knowledge about the functionality of a sequence, making use of its structural information. Among the non coding regions of DNA,   the comparison of promoter sequences has received a great deal of attention in medical science as promoter regions play a crucial role in gene regulation. In this work we propose an alignment free sequence comparison metric for comparison of promoter sequences. We use the binary and decimal position specific motif matrices (PSMM) of the promoters which were created for our experiments using the TFSEARCH tool. Simple weighted algorithm is used to compute the dissimilarity between the PSMMs of promoter sequences, thereby analyzing its underlying homology and functionality. The NCBI database was used to obtain the promoter sequences of 500 nucleotides upstream the transcription start site (TSS) of enzyme pyruvate kinase (PKLR) from the glycolysis pathway of different organisms for one experiment and all the enzymes from the glycolysis pathway of organism human for the other. The proposed dissimilarity metric is successful in bringing out differences on both the datasets and the results regarding similarities and differences in promoter sequences could be essential to have a clear knowledge of transcription regulation process in different organisms.The results reveal some useful findings which can be extended for a broader investigation

A comparison of two pre-referral intervention committees

The purpose of this study is to descriptively analyze two pre-referral intervention committees in a New Jersey suburban school district. The committee is also labeled Pupil Assistance Committee (PAC). The sample was the two committees observed by the researcher. Questionnaires were also filled out by referral teachers to suggest effectiveness of the committees. The referral teachers vary in age and sex. This study yielded the following findings: the make up of the committees were very similar, the format of the two committees greatly differed, the number of interventions and time spent on students varied between schools, the effectiveness suggested by the referral teachers showed no difference between committees

Compact bifluid hybrid stars: Hadronic Matter mixed with self-interacting fermionic Asymmetric Dark Matter

The masses and radii of non-rotating and rotating configurations of pure hadronic stars mixed with self-interacting fermionic Asymmetric Dark Matter are calculated within the two-fluid formalism of stellar structure equations in general relativity. The Equation of State (EoS) of nuclear matter is obtained from the density dependent M3Y effective nucleon-nucleon interaction. We consider dark matter particle mass of 1 GeV. The EoS of self-interacting dark matter is taken from two-body repulsive interactions of the scale of strong interactions. We explore the conditions of equal and different rotational frequencies of nuclear matter and dark matter and find that the maximum mass of differentially rotating stars with self-interacting dark matter to be $\sim 1.94 M_\odot$ with radius $\sim 10.4$ kms.Comment: 9 pages including 1 table & 8 figure

Properdin and factor H: Opposing players on the alternative complement pathway "see-saw"

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Properdin and factor H are two key regulatory proteins having opposite functions in the alternative complement pathway. Properdin up-regulates the alternative pathway by stabilizing the C3bBb complex, whereas factor H downregulates the pathway by promoting proteolytic degradation of C3b. While factor H is mainly produced in the liver, there are several extrahepatic sources. In addition to the liver, factor H is also synthesized in fetal tubuli, keratinocytes, skin fibroblasts, ocular tissue, adipose tissue, brain, lungs, heart, spleen, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and placenta. Neutrophils are the major source of properdin, and it is also produced by monocytes, T cells and bone marrow progenitor cell line. Properdin is released by neutrophils from intracellular stores following stimulation by N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The HEP G2 cells derived from human liver has been found to produce functional properdin. Endothelial cells also produce properdin when induced by shear stress, thus is a physiological source for plasma properdin. The diverse range of extrahepatic sites for synthesis of these two complement regulators suggests the importance and need for local availability of the proteins. Here, we discuss the significance of the local synthesis of properdin and factor H. This assumes greater importance in view of recently identified unexpected and novel roles of properdin and factor H that are potentially independent of their involvement in complement regulation

Environmental Efficiency Analysis of Basmati Rice Production in Punjab, Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Development

The intensive use of chemicals worked as a catalyst to shift the production frontier but the most critical factor of maintaining a clean environment was totally ignored. The present study attempts to estimate the environmental efficiency of rice production by employing the translog stochastic production frontier approach. The data are collected from five major Basmati rice growing districts (Gujranwala, Sheikupura, Sialkot, Hafizabad, and Jhang) of Punjab in 2006. Chemical weedicides and nitrogen are treated as environmentally detrimental inputs. The mean technical efficiency index is sufficiently high (89 percent) but the environmental efficiency index of chemical weedicides alone is 14 percent while the joint environmental efficiency index of chemical weedicides and nitrogen is 24 percent implying that joint environmental efficiency is higher than chemical weedicide alone. It indicates that substantial reduction (86 percent) in chemical weedicide use is possible with higher level of productivity. Moreover, it is likely to contribute a considerable decrease in environmental pollution which is expected to enhance the performance of agriculture labour. The reduction in chemical weedicides will save Rs 297 per acre and Rs 1307.3 million over all from the rice crop in Punjab, improving the profitability of rice growing farmers by the same proportion. Empirical analysis indicates that reduction in environmental pollution together with higher level of profitability in rice production is achievable. JEL classification: N5, O13 Keywords: Rice Production, Environmental Efficiency, Weedicide, Fertiliser (NPK), Stochastic Translog Frontie