Assessment of depression in diabetic patients

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic conditions in the world. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has risen dramatically over the past two decades because of increasing obesity and reduced activity levels. The purpose of this study was to show the association between depression and diabetes. Methods: It was a cross-study. The study included 240 patients who were chosen randomly with no gender bias. A convenient subject of 240 diabetic patients was interviewed. Results: Out of the total 240 diabetic patients, included in this study, the majority of patients, 52.63% in the age group of 60 years had depression with a Hamilton score of >19 while 47.37% of patients in the age of 40 to 50 years had Hamilton score of >19. 84.21% of males had depression with a Hamilton score >19 as compared to females who had a Hamilton score of 15.79%. The patients within the age group of 40-59 have 2.5 times more risk of having depression as compared to the age group of 20 to 39 and patients in the age group >60 years have 4.23 times higher risk of depression as compared to patients in the age group of 20 to 39 years. The association between gender and depression shows that males have a higher rate of depression (78.17%) as compared to females (21.81%) with an odd's ratio of 3.0. Conclusions: Our study showed a high prevalence of depression and anxiety in male patients and the elderly age group. Planning and implementation of screening for mental health issues in the elderly population diagnosed with a lifestyle disease-such as type 2 diabetes mellitus-with existing comorbidities should be recognized as one of the most important goals of the public health system. It seems necessary to involve medical teams in the screening process to verify the symptoms, promptly establish the diagnosis, and initiate the appropriate depression treatment. In diabetic patients, depression remains underdiagnosed and an important aspect of the diabetic specialists would be the awareness of this quite common co-morbidity

Insight on the usage of mask with respect to COVID-19: a review

Face-masks are currently turning into a fundamental piece of our clothing standard, without a doubt. While the West wasn't entirely ok with face-masks in the pre-COVID-19 period, East Asians were all the more inviting of them. Controlling a respiratory contamination at source by a mask is an entrenched procedure. The utilization of masks followed by certain precautionary measure is a piece of a thorough bundle of the avoidance and control gauges that can restrain the spread of any respiratory viral maladies, including COVID-19. Subsequently the fundamental point of the examination is to illuminate the mask, their utilization and guidelines to be followed during this pandemic period. Numerous nations have suggested the utilization of fabric mask/face covers for the overall population. Right now, the boundless utilization of mask by healthy individuals in the network setting isn't yet upheld by high calibre or direct logical proof and there are likely advantages and damages to consider. Any mask worn for everyday assurance against COVID-19 will be flawed, at any rate for the current pandemic time

Karonda and Jamun seeds’ in vitro anticancer efficacy

573-578In the search for potential anticancer agents from fruits, the present research work was carried out to examine the in vitro cytotoxic potential of seed part of Carissa carandas (karonda) and Syzygium cumini (jamun) against nine human cancer cell lines from eight different origins namely MCF-7, T-47D (breast), SF-295 (CNS), HCT-116 (colon), A-549 (lung), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), OVCAR-5 (ovary), PC-3 (prostate) and A-498 (renal). Methanolic extracts were used as test material and anticancer activity was determined via SRB assayat 100 μg/mL. Results revealed that seeds suppressed the proliferation of human cancer cells with growth inhibition range of 78-100% (karonda) and 71-93% (jamun). Karonda seeds exhibited 100% growth inhibition of A-549 and OVCAR-5 cancer cells where as jamun seeds displayed 93% growth inhibition of SF-295 cancer cells. The seeds were then evaluated at lower concentrations of 50, 30, 10 and 1 μg/mL in which seeds exhibit significant in vitro cytotoxic effect against lung cancer cells (A-549). Further, IC50 values were calculated and it was observed that seed extracts from both the fruits showed IC50karonda seed extract also showed IC50karonda and jamun seeds possess certain constituents with cytotoxic properties that can be used to develop anticancer agents especially for lung cancer therapy and to provide a great service to cancer patients, further studies are required for the isolation of active ingredients from these seeds

Karonda and Jamun seeds’ in vitro anticancer efficacy

In the search for potential anticancer agents from fruits, the present research work was carried out to examine the in vitro cytotoxic potential of seed part of Carissa carandas (karonda) and Syzygium cumini (jamun) against nine human cancer cell lines from eight different origins namely MCF-7, T-47D (breast), SF-295 (CNS), HCT-116 (colon), A-549 (lung), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), OVCAR-5 (ovary), PC-3 (prostate) and A-498 (renal). Methanolic extracts were used as test material and anticancer activity was determined via SRB assayat 100 μg/mL. Results revealed that seeds suppressed the proliferation of human cancer cells with growth inhibition range of 78-100% (karonda) and 71-93% (jamun). Karonda seeds exhibited 100% growth inhibition of A-549 and OVCAR-5 cancer cells where as jamun seeds displayed 93% growth inhibition of SF-295 cancer cells. The seeds were then evaluated at lower concentrations of 50, 30, 10 and 1 μg/mL in which seeds exhibit significant in vitro cytotoxic effect against lung cancer cells (A-549). Further, IC50 values were calculated and it was observed that seed extracts from both the fruits showed IC50<10 in case of lung cancer cells whereas karonda seed extract also showed IC50<10 in case of colon cancer cells. To conclude, karonda and jamun seeds possess certain constituents with cytotoxic properties that can be used to develop anticancer agents especially for lung cancer therapy and to provide a great service to cancer patients, further studies are required for the isolation of active ingredients from these seeds

Anticancer efficacy of methanolic extracts of some medicinal plants from Jammu region, Jammu & Kashmir, India

51-56The methanolic extracts from ten medicinal plants (Alstonia scholaris, Azadirachta indica, Calotropis gigantea, Emblica officinalis, Mentha citrate, Mentha piperita, Musa paradisiaca, Olea europaea, Punica granatum and Trachyspermum ammi selected from Jammu region, Jammu & Kashmir, India, were evaluated against five human cancer cell lines from four different origins, viz., A-549 (lung), HCT-116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), PC-3 (prostate) and T-47D (breast) at the concentration of 100 μg/mL using sulphorhodamine blue (SRB) assay. A. indica, O. europaea, M. piperita and M. paradisiaca showed in vitro cytotoxic effect against one or the other human cancer cell line. The methanolic extract of stem and leaves of C. gigantea showed significant cytotoxic activity against four human cancer cell lines from four different tissues. The methanolic extract showed 82-90% growth inhibition at 50 μg/mL and 73-78% growth inhibition at 10 μg/mL against lung, colon and prostate cancer cells. However, 1 μg/mL the extract displayed only 52% growth inhibition against lung (A-549) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells. The results have shown that C. giagantea may have potential for development of anticancer agents, especially for lung, colon and prostate cancer cells

Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: From Source to Sink

Reactive oxygen species (ROS, partial reduction or derivatives of free radicals) are highly reactive, dangerous and can cause oxidative cell death. In addition to their role as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, ROS play a role in the control and regulation of biological processes such as growth, the cell cycle, programmed cell death, hormone signaling, biotic and abiotic stress reactions and development. ROS always arise in plants as a by-product of several metabolic processes that are located in different cell compartments, or as a result of the inevitable escape of electrons to oxygen from the electron transport activities of chloroplasts, mitochondria and plasma membranes. These reactive species are formed in chloroplasts, mitochondria, plasma membranes, peroxisomes, apoplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and cell walls. The action of many non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants present in tissues is required for efficient scavenging of ROS generated during various environmental stressors. The current review provides an in-depth look at the fate of ROS in plants, a beneficial role in managing stress and other irregularities. The production sites are also explained with their negative effects. In addition, the biochemical properties and sources of ROS generation, capture systems, the influence of ROS on cell biochemistry and the crosstalk of ROS with other signaling molecules/pathways are discussed

Heavy Metal Induced Oxidative Stress Mitigation and ROS Scavenging in Plants

Although trace elements are essential for life, environmental contamination due to metal accumulation and overuse in various sectors, such as healthcare, agriculture, industry, and cosmetics, poses significant health concerns. Exposure of plants to heavy metals leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their ability to change mitochondrial membrane permeability and restrict the action of ROS clearance enzymes in the cellular antioxidant system. The interaction of ROS with cellular membranes, heavy-metal-induced interactions directly or indirectly with different macromolecules, and signaling pathways leads to the accumulation of environmental pollutants and oxidative stress in exposed organisms. The heavy metal–ROS–cell signaling axis affects various pathological processes such as ATP depletion, excess ROS production, mitochondrial respiratory chain damage, decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial death. This review focuses on discussing the toxic effects of different heavy metals on plants, with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, its consequences, and mitigation strategies