10 research outputs found
Bee farming system sustainability and interactions with colonies and queen replacement strategies
VariabilitĂ© du contexte de production, pertes de colonies : les exploitations apicoles fontaujourd'hui face Ă diffĂ©rentes problĂ©matiques environnementales et socio-Ă©conomiques. Enjeu majeur pourla filiĂšre, la durabilitĂ© des exploitations reste aujourd'hui difficile Ă caractĂ©riser en lâabsence de rĂ©fĂ©renceset dâun cadre dâĂ©valuation adaptĂ© Ă lâapiculture. Cette thĂšse propose une dĂ©finition de la durabilitĂ© adaptĂ©eaux spĂ©cificitĂ©s des exploitations apicoles, Ă©laborĂ©e avec un ensemble dâacteurs de la filiĂšre apicole enFrance mĂ©tropolitaine. Cette dĂ©finition met notamment en lumiĂšre lâimportance de la capacitĂ© dâadaptationdes exploitations, dans un contexte de fortes incertitudes sur les ressources alimentaires du cheptel commesur les pertes de colonies.En lâabsence de leviers directs de gestion des ressources, la gestion du cheptel occupe une place centraledans le fonctionnement de lâexploitation. Pour assurer le maintien de ce cheptel malgrĂ© les pertes decolonies, diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies de renouvellement des colonies et des reines sont mises en place par lesapiculteurs. En sâappuyant sur des enquĂȘtes auprĂšs dâapiculteurs professionnels, la deuxiĂšme partie de cettethĂšse caractĂ©rise ces diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies et les pratiques qui les composent, ainsi que leur variabilitĂ© dâuneexploitation Ă lâautre. Ces stratĂ©gies de renouvellement contribuent directement Ă la durabilitĂ© delâexploitation par le maintien du cheptel, mais sont aussi en interaction avec dâautres aspects dufonctionnement de lâexploitation, qui sont abordĂ©s par la troisiĂšme partie de cette thĂšse. Les choixtechniques de gestion du renouvellement peuvent ainsi gĂ©nĂ©rer diffĂ©rentes contraintes dans le temps etlâorganisation du travail, et contribuent Ă lâadaptabilitĂ© des pratiques et Ă la capacitĂ© dâadaptation delâexploitation apicole dans un contexte dâincertitudes.Cette thĂšse contribue Ă mieux cerner les enjeux actuels de la durabilitĂ© des exploitations apicoles, et lesinteractions possibles entre les stratĂ©gies de renouvellement du cheptel et cette durabilitĂ©.Floral resources availability, annual climatic conditions or colony losses: professionalbeekeepers have to cope with several economic and environmental challenges to ensure the sustainabilityof their farm. Through a collective work with French professional beekeepers and other stakeholders fromthe apicultural sector, this thesis defines the sustainability of bee farming systems. The adaptive capacity ofthe farm appears as a central issue to ensure the beekeeperâs sustainability goals, as beekeepers have toface an uncertain environment.To cope with the annual colony losses, the colony and queen replacement strategy is a key aspect in abee farming operation management, and can interact with other sustainability goals. The replacementstrategies of professional beekeepers are formalised and some of their main technical or socio-economicconsequences are studied. The beekeeperâs replacement strategy appears to affect their work organisation,as well as the flexibility of their practices, which both contribute to the adaptive capacity of the farm.This thesis provides an outlook on the current issues of bee farming system sustainability, and on themain interactions between the beekeeperâs replacement strategy and their farm sustainability
Durabilité des exploitations apicoles et interactions avec les stratégies de renouvellement du cheptel
Floral resources availability, annual climatic conditions or colony losses: professionalbeekeepers have to cope with several economic and environmental challenges to ensure the sustainabilityof their farm. Through a collective work with French professional beekeepers and other stakeholders fromthe apicultural sector, this thesis defines the sustainability of bee farming systems. The adaptive capacity ofthe farm appears as a central issue to ensure the beekeeperâs sustainability goals, as beekeepers have toface an uncertain environment.To cope with the annual colony losses, the colony and queen replacement strategy is a key aspect in abee farming operation management, and can interact with other sustainability goals. The replacementstrategies of professional beekeepers are formalised and some of their main technical or socio-economicconsequences are studied. The beekeeperâs replacement strategy appears to affect their work organisation,as well as the flexibility of their practices, which both contribute to the adaptive capacity of the farm.This thesis provides an outlook on the current issues of bee farming system sustainability, and on themain interactions between the beekeeperâs replacement strategy and their farm sustainability.VariabilitĂ© du contexte de production, pertes de colonies : les exploitations apicoles fontaujourd'hui face Ă diffĂ©rentes problĂ©matiques environnementales et socio-Ă©conomiques. Enjeu majeur pourla filiĂšre, la durabilitĂ© des exploitations reste aujourd'hui difficile Ă caractĂ©riser en lâabsence de rĂ©fĂ©renceset dâun cadre dâĂ©valuation adaptĂ© Ă lâapiculture. Cette thĂšse propose une dĂ©finition de la durabilitĂ© adaptĂ©eaux spĂ©cificitĂ©s des exploitations apicoles, Ă©laborĂ©e avec un ensemble dâacteurs de la filiĂšre apicole enFrance mĂ©tropolitaine. Cette dĂ©finition met notamment en lumiĂšre lâimportance de la capacitĂ© dâadaptationdes exploitations, dans un contexte de fortes incertitudes sur les ressources alimentaires du cheptel commesur les pertes de colonies.En lâabsence de leviers directs de gestion des ressources, la gestion du cheptel occupe une place centraledans le fonctionnement de lâexploitation. Pour assurer le maintien de ce cheptel malgrĂ© les pertes decolonies, diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies de renouvellement des colonies et des reines sont mises en place par lesapiculteurs. En sâappuyant sur des enquĂȘtes auprĂšs dâapiculteurs professionnels, la deuxiĂšme partie de cettethĂšse caractĂ©rise ces diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies et les pratiques qui les composent, ainsi que leur variabilitĂ© dâuneexploitation Ă lâautre. Ces stratĂ©gies de renouvellement contribuent directement Ă la durabilitĂ© delâexploitation par le maintien du cheptel, mais sont aussi en interaction avec dâautres aspects dufonctionnement de lâexploitation, qui sont abordĂ©s par la troisiĂšme partie de cette thĂšse. Les choixtechniques de gestion du renouvellement peuvent ainsi gĂ©nĂ©rer diffĂ©rentes contraintes dans le temps etlâorganisation du travail, et contribuent Ă lâadaptabilitĂ© des pratiques et Ă la capacitĂ© dâadaptation delâexploitation apicole dans un contexte dâincertitudes.Cette thĂšse contribue Ă mieux cerner les enjeux actuels de la durabilitĂ© des exploitations apicoles, et lesinteractions possibles entre les stratĂ©gies de renouvellement du cheptel et cette durabilitĂ©
Analyse des stratĂ©gies de protection dans un contexte de changement d'espĂšce fruitiĂšre <em>Prunus</em> (pĂȘcher, abricotier) en RhĂŽne-ÂAlpes : mise en perspective par rapport aux trajectoires d'exploitation et influences du systĂšme socio-Âtechnique
MasterEn regard des questions actuelles de qualitĂ© des eaux et de santĂ© publique, la rĂ©duction de lâutilisation de produits phytosanitaires est un enjeu majeur, notamment en arboriculture qui est lâune des productions les plus utilisatrices de pesticides. Au cĆur de ces questions, les vergers de pĂȘchers de la VallĂ©e du RhĂŽne sont en diminution depuis deux dĂ©cennies suite Ă une crise Ă©conomique et aux impacts du virus de la Sharka : ces surfaces peuvent ĂȘtre remplacĂ©es par de lâabricotier, plus rustique et moins demandeur en pesticides. Ce passage du pĂȘcher Ă lâabricotier est-Âil une occasion dâintĂ©grer de nouveaux leviers de gestion des bio-agresseurs dans les stratĂ©gies de protection ? La trajectoire de lâexploitation impacte-Âelle la gestion des ravageurs ? Une exploitation agricole sâinscrit dans un systĂšme socio-technique large, qui comprend notamment dĂ©bouchĂ©s de la production et rĂ©seaux de conseil et dâinformations du producteur. Ce systĂšme socio-technique a-ÂtÂâil une influence sur les stratĂ©gies de gestion des bio-agresseurs et leurs Ă©volutions? Quels leviers ou contraintes existe-Âil Ă ces Ă©volutions vers une moindre utilisation de produits phytosanitaires ? Par lâanalyse de 35 enquĂȘtes auprĂšs dâarboriculteurs en DrĂŽme et ArdĂšche, cette Ă©tude porte sur les Ă©volutions des stratĂ©gies de protection en vergers dâabricotier en regard de la trajectoire dâexploitation et de son systĂšme socio-technique et vise Ă apporter des Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©ponse Ă ces questions. DĂ©bouchĂ©s et rĂ©seaux de conseil de lâexploitation apparaissent influer sur les stratĂ©gies de protection du verger : les Ă©volutions des stratĂ©gies de protection vers une moindre utilisation de pesticides ont donc tout intĂ©rĂȘt Ă ĂȘtre rĂ©flĂ©chies au regard de ce systĂšme socio-technique et de ses influence
Des pratiques agronomiques au systĂšme agrialimentaire
National audienceLe projet « PRUNUS- RĂ©alitĂ©s et perspectives de lâĂ©cologisation en arboriculture fruitiĂšre » a Ă©tĂ© financĂ© par le programme Pesticides* du ministĂšre de lâenvironnement sur la pĂ©riode 2013-2015 avec pour objectif dâidentifier les effets de verrouillage et les leviers de transition vers une Ă©cologisation des pratiques agricoles (rĂ©duction des pesticides) dans les vergers de pĂȘchers et dâabricotiers de la basse VallĂ©e du RhĂŽne
From orchard to agri-food system redesign to reduce pesticide use
National audienceDecreasing pesticide use in orchards is a major challenge to increase their sustainability. The study of pest management strategies and their determining factors is important to evaluate if these strategies can provide reductions in pesticide use. Decision-making in orchards is influenced by the high risk of fruit damage and yield loss due to the permanent presence of pests in a perennial system, as well as market standards for 'zero damage' fresh fruits. In this context, we focused on the middle Rhone Valley in southeastern France, where many producers have switched from peach to apricot production in the last two decades due to an economic and sanitary crisis. We addressed the following questions: is new orchard planting an opportunity to rethink pest management strategies? How do technical constraints and socioeconomic aspects (e.g., commercial outlets, information networks, technical support) influence decision-making? A survey was conducted with 35 apricot and peach producers. The interviews focused on pest management strategies and the adoption of alternative methods, recent farm pathways, marketing channels and information and technical networks. Drivers, bottlenecks and opportunities to adopt alternative methods and to design more ecological pest management strategies were identified. Orchard planting was not so much a prerequisite for orchard redesign as was the progressive integration of various alternative methods in existing or replanted orchards. Our results also emphasized the interdependencies between farmers' pest management strategies and pesticide regulations, food chain constraints and information systems: farmers advised by input sellers used more pesticides than those with no or independent advisors; farmers selling through short distribution channels used fewer pesticides than those selling through farmers' organizations, brokers or wholesalers. Promising levers have thus been identified to reduce pesticide use, but their application and diffusion often fail due to inadequate regulatory compliance and/or technical support systems. Therefore, orchard transition towards ecologization and pesticide reduction should be facilitated through a deeper redesign at the scale of the agri-food system
Des pratiques agronomiques au systĂšme agrialimentaire
National audienceLe projet « PRUNUS- RĂ©alitĂ©s et perspectives de lâĂ©cologisation en arboriculture fruitiĂšre » a Ă©tĂ© financĂ© par le programme Pesticides* du ministĂšre de lâenvironnement sur la pĂ©riode 2013-2015 avec pour objectif dâidentifier les effets de verrouillage et les leviers de transition vers une Ă©cologisation des pratiques agricoles (rĂ©duction des pesticides) dans les vergers de pĂȘchers et dâabricotiers de la basse VallĂ©e du RhĂŽne
From orchard to agri-food system redesign to reduce pesticide use
National audienceDecreasing pesticide use in orchards is a major challenge to increase their sustainability. The study of pest management strategies and their determining factors is important to evaluate if these strategies can provide reductions in pesticide use. Decision-making in orchards is influenced by the high risk of fruit damage and yield loss due to the permanent presence of pests in a perennial system, as well as market standards for 'zero damage' fresh fruits. In this context, we focused on the middle Rhone Valley in southeastern France, where many producers have switched from peach to apricot production in the last two decades due to an economic and sanitary crisis. We addressed the following questions: is new orchard planting an opportunity to rethink pest management strategies? How do technical constraints and socioeconomic aspects (e.g., commercial outlets, information networks, technical support) influence decision-making? A survey was conducted with 35 apricot and peach producers. The interviews focused on pest management strategies and the adoption of alternative methods, recent farm pathways, marketing channels and information and technical networks. Drivers, bottlenecks and opportunities to adopt alternative methods and to design more ecological pest management strategies were identified. Orchard planting was not so much a prerequisite for orchard redesign as was the progressive integration of various alternative methods in existing or replanted orchards. Our results also emphasized the interdependencies between farmers' pest management strategies and pesticide regulations, food chain constraints and information systems: farmers advised by input sellers used more pesticides than those with no or independent advisors; farmers selling through short distribution channels used fewer pesticides than those selling through farmers' organizations, brokers or wholesalers. Promising levers have thus been identified to reduce pesticide use, but their application and diffusion often fail due to inadequate regulatory compliance and/or technical support systems. Therefore, orchard transition towards ecologization and pesticide reduction should be facilitated through a deeper redesign at the scale of the agri-food system
Bee farming system sustainability: An assessment framework in metropolitan France
International audienceBeekeeping is a long-standing production of livestock, which currently faces several technical and economic challenges such as high colony losses and highly variable honey yields. While the sustainability of current and future bee farms is at stake, the current research on agricultural sustainability assessment poorly considers the technical and management specificities of bee farming systems, systems that remain poorly understood. To fill this gap, we designed a sustainability assessment framework, in other words, a detailed and organised definition of the sustainability of bee farming systems, that identifies the current sustainability issues of these systems at the farm level. Through interviews and workshops, beekeepers and other stakeholders were involved in the design process to include a diversity of viewpoints on the definition of sustainability for bee farming systems, and to ensure the relevance of this assessment framework. The resulting framework highlights the current economic, social and environmental issues of bee farming systems and is organised into six dimensions. Three dimensions are farm-focused, and the three others consider the interactions of the farm with its environment, its territory and the beekeeping sector. That framework reveals the sustainability issues and factors that bee farming systems share with other agricultural sectors as well as their specific issues. In particular, the adaptive capacity of bee farming systems, including their flexibility, their diversity and the learning capacity of the beekeeper, appeared to be a key factor in their sustainability, as is the case for other pastoral systems that have to cope with unpredictable changes in the availability of their feed resources on which they have little direct control. In addition, land management practices partly determine the quality and availability of floral resources, which are hard to estimate, and thus present specific concerns and opportunities in their management. This work provides the first sustainability assessment framework that properly considers the current issues and specificities of bee farming systems, thus providing an outlook on the sustainability challenges of these systems and a basis for the development of an on-farm sustainability assessment tool
Intégrer l'adaptabilité dans l'analyse de la durabilité des exploitations apicoles
As in most farming systems, the adaptive capacity is a key factor for bee farming operations to copewith an uncertain environment. This adaptive capacity is based on several components of the farm: thecommercial choices, the work organisation or the colony management practices. This study focuses onthe flexibility of the management practices: can this flexibility be easily reconciled with othersustainability goals of the beekeeper, as work organisation issues or economic expectations? Toaddress this question, we developed a model of the main management practices and dynamics of acolony stock under the mathematical framework of viability theory. An economic goal and a work timeconstraint are considered along with an increasing flexibility goal. Different technical choices in themanagement practices are simulated. The economic goal and work time constraint were not alwayscompatible with the flexibility goal, partly depending on the technical choices. Flexibility thus appears asan additional constraint that can be difficult for the beekeeper to comply with.Ă l'Ă©chelle d'une exploitation apicole, la capacitĂ© d'adaptation est liĂ©e Ă diffĂ©rents aspects du fonctionnement : aux pratiques de gestion du cheptel, Ă des choix de commercialisation ou d'organisation. Cette capacitĂ© d'adaptation contribue Ă la durabilitĂ© de l'exploitation en lui permettant de composer avec un contexte variable, mais constitue Ă©galement un Ă©lĂ©ment de plus Ă considĂ©rer dans les compromis Ă trouver entre plusieurs enjeux de durabilitĂ© qui peuvent ĂȘtre antagonistes : viabilitĂ© Ă©conomique, temps de travail⊠Pour rĂ©vĂ©ler les difficultĂ©s possibles Ă concilier ces diffĂ©rents objectifs avec celui d'adaptabilitĂ© dans la gestion du renouvellement du cheptel, nous avons appliquĂ© la thĂ©orie de la viabilitĂ© Ă une modĂ©lisation des principales options de gestion du renouvellement (gestion des reines, crĂ©ation de nouvelles colonies) et des dynamiques d'Ă©volution du cheptel. Le modĂšle dĂ©veloppĂ© a permis d'Ă©tudier les consĂ©quences de diffĂ©rentes pratiques sur la possibilitĂ© pour l'exploitation d'atteindre ses objectifs Ă©conomiques et de temps de travail tout en maintenant un certain niveau d'adaptabilitĂ©. Certains choix techniques comme le nombre de reines disponibles (relativement au nombre de colonies de l'exploitation) apparaissent ainsi limiter en amont les options possibles de gestion du cheptel, voire la viabilitĂ© de l'exploitation dans certaines situations. L'adaptabilitĂ© de la gestion du cheptel apparaĂźt donc comme une contrainte supplĂ©mentaire qu'il est parfois difficile de concilier avec d'autres objectifs Ă©conomiques et sociaux. Abstract: Management flexibility and the sustainability of bee farming systems As in most farming systems, the adaptive capacity is a key factor for bee farming operations to cope with an uncertain environment. This adaptive capacity is based on several components of the farm: the commercial choices, the work organisation or the colony management practices. This study focuses on the flexibility of the management practices: can this flexibility be easily reconciled with other sustainability goals of the beekeeper, as work organisation issues or economic expectations? To address this question, we developed a model of the main management practices and dynamics of a colony stock under the mathematical framework of viability theory. An economic goal and a work time constraint are considered along with an increasing flexibility goal. Different technical choices in the management practices are simulated. The economic goal and work time constraint were not always compatible with the flexibility goal, partly depending on the technical choices. Flexibility thus appears as an additional constraint that can be difficult for the beekeeper to comply with
DURAPI â Vers une meilleure connaissance et un accompagnement technique des exploitations apicoles professionnelles : durabilitĂ©, stratĂ©gies de renouvellement du cheptel et consĂ©quences sur le fonctionnement global de lâexploitation
Variability of the production context, colony losses: professional beekeepers have to cope with several environmental and socio-economic issues to ensure the sustainability of their farm. Thus, the DURAPI project aimed at developing a sustainability assessment framework for bee farming operations through a participatory design involving the stakeholders from the beekeeping sector. We also considered the part of the colony and queen replacement strategy, which is central in the colony management: the existing replacement strategies were identified and their possible consequences on the farm sustainability, in particular on the work organisation, were studied. These results allowed us to develop training tools for future beekeepers. This project also provides several support tools for beekeeping advisors.VariabilitĂ© du contexte de production, pertes de colonies dâabeilles : les exploitations apicoles font aujourd'hui face Ă diffĂ©rentes problĂ©matiques environnementales comme socio-Ă©conomiques. Dans ce contexte, le projet DURAPI a visĂ© Ă Ă©laborer un cadre dâĂ©valuation de la durabilitĂ© de ces exploitations, Ă travers une dĂ©marche participative qui a impliquĂ© de nombreux acteurs de la filiĂšre. ParallĂšlement, la place de la gestion du renouvellement des colonies et des reines dans cette durabilitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©e. Les principales stratĂ©gies de renouvellement du cheptel mises en place dans les exploitations ont ainsi Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es afin dâensuite caractĂ©riser leurs consĂ©quences possibles sur cette durabilitĂ© de lâexploitation, notamment en termes de temps et dâorganisation du travail. Ces diffĂ©rents rĂ©sultats ont donnĂ© lieu Ă la crĂ©ation de supports pour les formateurs en apiculture. Les mĂ©thodes dĂ©veloppĂ©es dans le cadre du projet peuvent par ailleurs ĂȘtre mobilisĂ©es pour lâappui aux apiculteurs ou futurs installĂ©s