The role of a holding company and management structure in it

This article is about the role played by holding companies in the activities of their subsidiaries. It considers in detail the question of the choice of the organizational structure for a particular type of holding. The types of integrated holdings and their features. Are described we also consider the situation of the development of holdings and identify key areas for its development.Данная статья о том, какую роль играю холдинговые компании в деятельности своих дочерних предприятий. В ней детально рассматривается вопрос о выборе организационной структуры для определенного типа холдинга. Рассмотрены типы интегрированных холдингов и их особенности. А так же рассмотрена ситуация о развитии холдингов и выявлены основные направления для его развития

Faecal neutrophil elastase-antiprotease balance reflects colitis severity

Given the global burden of diarrheal diseases on healthcare it is surprising how little is known about the drivers of disease severity. Colitis caused by infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterised by neutrophil infiltration into the intestinal mucosa and yet our understanding of neutrophil responses during colitis is incomplete. Using infectious (Citrobacter rodentium) and chemical (dextran sulphate sodium; DSS) murine colitis models, as well as human IBD samples, we find that faecal neutrophil elastase (NE) activity reflects disease severity. During C. rodentium infection intestinal epithelial cells secrete the serine protease inhibitor SerpinA3N to inhibit and mitigate tissue damage caused by extracellular NE. Mice suffering from severe infection produce insufficient SerpinA3N to control excessive NE activity. This activity contributes to colitis severity as infection of these mice with a recombinant C. rodentium strain producing and secreting SerpinA3N reduces tissue damage. Thus, uncontrolled luminal NE activity is involved in severe colitis. Taken together, our findings suggest that NE activity could be a useful faecal biomarker for assessing disease severity as well as therapeutic target for both infectious and chronic inflammatory colitis

Different anatomy of extrahepatic bile duct in patients with calculous cholecystitis: clinical observations

Мета дослідження – ознайомитися з можливостями варіантної анатомії розташування позапечінкових жовчних проток. Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. У власній практиці ми спостерігали двох хворих із нетиповою анатомією позапечінкових жовчних проток. Хвору Г. було оперовано з приводу хронічного калькульозного холециститу. Під час лапароскопічної холецистектомії ми зіткнулися із наступною ситуацією: безпосередньо в ділянці воріт печінки було виявлено, що жовчний міхур має дуже коротку протоку. Після дісекції виявлено, що d. cysticus впадає у праву печінкову протоку. Своєчасне встановлення даної варіантної анатомії, яка досяглася шляхом обережної дисекції ділянки з’єднання d. сysticus та d. hepaticus dexter, дозволило запобігти (у даному випадку) помилкого кліпування правої печінкової протоки. У наведеному прикладі, можливість вчасного встановлення наявності анатомічних особливостей позапечінкових жовчних проток дозволило запобігти їх ушкодженню. Хвору К. було оперовано з приводу гострого калькульозного холециститу, холедохолітіазу (без клінічних та лабораторних ознак механічної жовтяниці). Під час лапароскопічної холецистектомії було встановлено, що у пацієнтки має місце варіантна анатомія позапечінкових жовчних проток, коли права печінкова протока впадає безпосередньо у жовчний міхур. Дана аномалія була виявлена після відділення жовчного міхура від його ложа, внаслідок чого відбулося ушкодження даної протоки. Виконано конверсію доступу, встановлено місце виходу з печінки в ділянці жовчного міхура аномальної правої печінкової протоки. З метою відновлення відтоку жовчі, виконано правобічну гепатикоєюностомію на петлі за Ру, зовнішне дренування холедоха за Кером, дренування черевної порожнини. Висновки. Незважаючи не те, що лапароскопічна холецистектомія є стандартною рутинною операцією, слід враховувати варіабельність розташування позапечінкових жовчних проток. Вважаємо за доцільне під час дисекції в ділянці переходу міхурової протоки в гепатикохоледох ретельно виділяти всі анатомічні структури до абсолютної їх ідентифікації.The aim of investigation – to get acquainted with the possibilities of variant anatomy of the extrahepatic bile ducts location. Results and their discussion. In our own practice, we observed two patients with the extrahepatic bile ducts atypical anatomy. Patient G. was operated because of chronic calculous cholecystitis. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we encountered the following situation: it was found that the gallbladder has a very short duct directly in the region of the portal of the liver. After dissection it was found that d. cysticus flows into the right hepatic duct. Timely establishment of this variant anatomy, which was achieved by careful dissection of the junction area d. cysticus and d. hepaticus dexter, allowed to prevent (in this case) wrong clipping of the right hepatic duct. In this example the possibility of timely establishing the presence of anatomical features of the extrahepatic bile ducts made it possible to prevent their damage. Patient K. was operated because of calculous cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis (without clinical and laboratory signs of mechanical jaundice). During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, it was established that the patient has variant anatomy of the extrahepatic bile ducts, when the right hepatic duct drains directly into the gallbladder. This anomaly was discovered after the separation of the gallbladder from its bed, as a result of which this duct was damaged. The access conversion was performed, the place of exit from the liver in the area of the gallbladder of the anomalous right hepatic duct was established. In order to restore the outflow of bile, a right-sided hepaticojejunostomy was performed on a Roux loop, external drainage of the choledoch according to Ker, drainage of the abdominal cavity. Conclusions. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a standard routine operation, the variability of extrahepatic bile duct location should be considered. We consider it expedient during dissection in the area of the transition of the vesical duct to the hepaticocholedoch to carefully isolate all anatomical structures until their absolute identification

Evidence for Quark-Hadron Duality in the Proton Spin Asymmetry A1A_1

Spin-dependent lepton-nucleon scattering data have been used to investigate the validity of the concept of quark-hadron duality for the spin asymmetry $A_1$. Longitudinally polarised positrons were scattered off a longitudinally polarised hydrogen target for values of $Q^2$ between 1.2 and 12 GeV$^2$ and values of $W^2$ between 1 and 4 GeV$^2$. The average double-spin asymmetry in the nucleon resonance region is found to agree with that measured in deep-inelastic scattering at the same values of the Bjorken scaling variable $x$. This finding implies that the description of $A_1$ in terms of quark degrees of freedom is valid also in the nucleon resonance region for values of $Q^2$ above 1.6 GeV$^2$.Comment: 5 pages, 1 eps figure, table added, new references added, in print in Phys. Rev. Let

The Q2Q^2-dependence of the generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for the deuteron, proton and neutron

The Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule connects the anomalous contribution to the magnetic moment of the target nucleus with an energy-weighted integral of the difference of the helicity-dependent photoabsorption cross sections. The data collected by HERMES with a deuterium target are presented together with a re-analysis of previous measurements on the proton. This provides a measurement of the generalised GDH integral covering simultaneously the nucleon-resonance and the deep inelastic scattering regions. The contribution of the nucleon-resonance region is seen to decrease rapidly with increasing $Q^2$. The DIS contribution is sizeable over the full measured range, even down to the lowest measured $Q^2$. As expected, at higher $Q^2$ the data are found to be in agreement with previous measurements of the first moment of $g_1$. From data on the deuteron and proton, the GDH integral for the neutron has been derived and the proton--neutron difference evaluated. This difference is found to satisfy the fundamental Bjorken sum rule at $Q^2 = 5$ GeV$^2$.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure

A Novel Inhibitor of Human La Protein with Anti-HBV Activity Discovered by Structure-Based Virtual Screening and In Vitro Evaluation

Background: Over 350 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), a major cause of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapeutic agents are highly effective, but are also associated with development of viral resistance. Therefore, strategies for identifying other anti-HBV agents with specific, but distinctive mechanisms of action are needed. The human La (hLa) protein, which forms a stabilizing complex with HBV RNA ribonucleoprotein to promote HBV replication, is a promising target of molecular therapy. Aims: This study aimed to discover novel inhibitors of hLa that could inhibit HBV replication and expression. Methods: A multistage molecular docking approach was used to screen a Specs database and an in-house library against hLa binding sites. Sequential in vitro evaluations were performed to detect potential compounds with high scores in HepG2.2.15 cells. Results: Of the 26 potential compounds with high scores chosen for experimental verification, 12 had HBV DNA inhibition ratios of less than 50 % with P,0.05. Six had significant inhibition of HBV e antigen (HBeAg) levels, and 13 had significant inhibition of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) levels by in vitro assays. Compounds HBSC-11, HBSC-15 and HBSC-34 (HBSC is system prefix for active compounds screened by the library) were selected for evaluation. HBSC-11 was found to have an obvious inhibitory effect on hLa transcription and expression

Single-spin Azimuthal Asymmetries in Electroproduction of Neutral Pions in Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering

A single-spin asymmetry in the azimuthal distribution of neutral pions relative to the lepton scattering plane has been measured for the first time in deep-inelastic scattering of positrons off longitudinally polarized protons. The analysing power in the sin(phi) moment of the cross section is 0.019 +/- 0.007(stat.) +/- 0.003(syst.). This result is compared to single-spin asymmetries for charged pion production measured in the same kinematic range. The pi^0 asymmetry is of the same size as the pi^+ asymmetry and shows a similar dependence on the relevant kinematic variables. The asymmetry is described by a phenomenological calculation based on a fragmentation function that represents sensitivity to the transverse polarization of the struck quark.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, replaced to correct eprint author field, 2nd replacement to correct figure; upper limit of model predictions are corrected. No correction to data or conclusion

Exclusive Leptoproduction of rho^0 Mesons from Hydrogen at Intermediate Virtual Photon Energies

Measurements of the cross section for exclusive virtual-photoproduction of rho^0 mesons from hydrogen are reported. The data were collected by the HERMES experiment using 27.5 GeV positrons incident on a hydrogen gas target in the HERA storage ring. The invariant mass W of the photon-nucleon system ranges from 4.0 to 6.0 GeV, while the negative squared four-momentum Q^2 of the virtual photon varies from 0.7 to 5.0 GeV^2. The present data together with most of the previous data at W > 4 GeV are well described by a model that infers the W-dependence of the cross section from the dependence on the Bjorken scaling variable x of the unpolarized structure function for deep-inelastic scattering. In addition, a model calculation based on Off-Forward Parton Distributions gives a fairly good account of the longitudinal component of the rho^0 production cross section for Q^2 > 2 GeV^2.Comment: 10 pages, 6 embedded figures, LaTeX for SVJour(epj) document class. Revisions: curves added to Fig. 1, several clarifications added to tex

Double-Spin Asymmetry in the Cross Section for Exclusive rho^0 Production in Lepton-Proton Scattering

Evidence for a positive longitudinal double-spin asymmetry = 0.24 +-0.11 (stat) +-0.02 (syst) in the cross section for exclusive diffractive rho^0(770) vector meson production in polarised lepton-proton scattering was observed by the HERMES experiment. The longitudinally polarised 27.56 GeV HERA positron beam was scattered off a longitudinally polarised pure hydrogen gas target. The average invariant mass of the photon-proton system has a value of = 4.9 GeV, while the average negative squared four-momentum of the virtual photon is = 1.7 GeV^2. The ratio of the present result to the corresponding spin asymmetry in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering is in agreement with an early theoretical prediction based on the generalised vector meson dominance model.Comment: 10 pages, 4 embedded figures, LaTe