An evaluation of nutritional markers, volume 2

Use of nutritional markers for studies of food intake, passage, and absorption in gastrointestinal track of humans and animal

Social Cognition and Sense of Belonging among Institutionalized Schizophrenic Patients

Context: Schizophrenia is one of the perilous mental health problems. It hinders the patient's ability to think clearly, make life decisions, manage their emotions, and build healthy relationships.Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationship between social cognition and a sense of belonging among institutionalized schizophrenic patients. Methods: The study used a descriptive research design to achieve the aim of this study. This research was carried out in the inpatient unit of Minia Hospital for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment. A convenient sample of 100 institutionalized schizophrenic patients was recruited in the current study. This study's three tools include socio-demographic and medical data questionnaire, Observable Social Cognition Rating Scale, and Sense of Belonging scale. Results: The main findings of this study revealed that more than three-fourths of schizophrenic patients had low levels of social cognition and a sense of belonging. There was a significant positive relationship between social cognition and the sense of belonging of institutionalized schizophrenic patients.Conclusion: The current study concluded that institutionalized schizophrenic patients have a positive connection between their social cognition and a sense of belonging. Recommendations: The study recommended that schizophrenic patients in a very high need for a psycho-educational program for improving their cognitive abilities, which will improve their social cognition and interaction with others and enhance their sense of belonging

Nambu-Goto Strings viaWeierstrass Representation

A description of string model of gauge theory are related to minimal surfaces. notations of minimal surface and related mean and Gauss curvature discussed. The Weierstrass representation for a surface conformally which immersed in R used to represent Nambu- Goto action, action of Nambu Goto is calculated usingWeierstrass representation which can be used to calculate the Partion Function and potential, then a non-perturbative solution for action is aimed and fulfilled and a consequences of that are investigated and its mathematical and physical properties are discussed

Workflow-Net Based Cooperative Multi-Agent Systems

Workflow-nets are mathematical frameworks that are used to formally describe, model and implement workflows. First, we propose critical section workflow nets (abbreviated WFCSnet). This framework allows feedbacks in workflow systems while ensuring the soundness of the workflow. Feedback is generally not recommended in workflow systems as they threaten the soundness of the system. The proposed WFCSnet allows safe feedback and limits the maximum number of activities per workflow as required. A theorem for soundness of WFCSnet is presented. Serializability, Separability, Quasi-liveness and CS-Properties of WFCSnet are examined and some theorems and lemmas are proposed to mathematically formalize them. In this thesis, we define some formal constructs that we then build upon. We define the smallest formal sub-workflow that we call a unit. We propose some mathematical characteristics for the unit and show how it can be used. We study similarities between units and whether two units can be used interchangeably or not. We then use composites out of simple units to build more complex constructs and we study their properties. We define the concept of cooperation and propose a mathematical definition of the concept. We discuss the concept of task coverage and how it affects cooperation. We claim that task coverage is necessary for any task to be achieved and therefore, a necessity for cooperation. We use mathematical methods to determine the task coverage and the candidate cooperative partners based on their capabilities that can contribute to the desired task. Workflow-net based cooperative behaviour among agents is proposed. First, we propose a cooperative algebra, which takes the desired objective of cooperation as a plan and then transforms this plan into a workflow-net structure describing dependencies and concurrency among sub-workflow elements constituting the overall plan. Our proposed cooperative algebra converts the plan into a set of matrices that model the cooperative workflow among agents. We then propose a cooperative framework with operators that assign tasks to agents based on their capabilities to achieve the required task

The effect of collaborative writing on individual writing performance

The present study investigated the effectiveness of using collaborative writing (CW) on an individual’s writing performance. It involved a total of 61 participants who were adult ESL learners enrolled in a general English course at a language center in Cairo. All learners were assessed to be at a border-line A2/ B1 level on the CEFR scale , based on a placement exam conducted by the institute. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. For both groups a pre-test and a post-test were administered to track individuals’ progress. During the treatment stage, participants in the experimental group were asked to write three writing tasks collaboratively in groups of three or four, while the individuals in the control group were asked to write the same tasks individually. After finishing the treatment stage and administering the post-test, all writing samples were scored by three raters using an analytical scoring rubric to ensure reliability of results. Then the scores for both groups were compared using t-tests to check for significant improvement in specific language features. The results of the study show a significant improvement in the overall writing quality of learners who were exposed to the collaborative writing task. Significant improvement was also observed in certain writing features, namely mechanics and organization, but not for grammar, vocabulary or content. When a textual analysis was conducted on the writing samples, the results showed that participants in the experimental group had a higher tendency to write longer texts and to add an appropriate conclusion that would properly wrap up the writing. This study offered a number of pedagogical implications as it gave further evidence of the value of using collaborative writing in the classroom and it highlighted directions that could be targeted for further research

A Critical Analysis of the Claim that Absolute Juristic Interpretation (Ijtihād) Has

This article critically analyzes the dominant opinion prevailing regarding the foundation of Islamic jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) which states that absolute independent juristic interpretation (al-ijtihād al-muṭlaq al-mustaqill) is no longer possible. Therefore, based on the belief that this level of interpretation requires the creation of a unique method for deriving legal rules (istinbāṭ), a method that arguably ended with the founders of the primary schools of law. This research inspects a new interpretive method which was not developed by late scholars. Consequently, the article uses legal reasoning as an interpretive method to criticize the previous opinions regarding Islamic Jurisprudence by using both textual and rational evidence. For instance, the preservation of religion and the continued renewal of convenient sources requires scholars to reach the highest level of interpretation (ijtihād). In addition, a connection to the legal reality of the time and rulings were necessary to adapt them, an issue dependent upon direct derivation of rulings from religious texts or the freedom to implement secondary forms of evidence. Therefore, this research concludes that the founders of the traditional law schools did not develop their foundations independently. Instead, they did so through constructive investigation and analysis. Their interpretations conformed to the Prophet’s (SAW) Companions. Such a process continued and future independent scholars followed their footsteps. In addition, the legal reality in every age saw the rise of individuals who positively impacted the renewal of the foundations of jurisprudence by interpreting Prophetic hadīth which required advanced interpretative skills