Parallel comparison of risk factors between progression of organic stenosis in the coronary arteries and onset of acute coronary syndrome by covariance structure analysis.

It is widely accepted that progression of organic stenosis in the coronary arteries and onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are similar in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the extent of the association of each risk factor with the respective pathological conditions has not been fully elucidated.We investigated the differences in risk factors between these conditions using a statistical procedure.The study population consisted of 1,029 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). We divided the study population into two groups (ACS and non-ACS) and by diseased vessels (organic stenosis). Covariance structure analysis was simultaneously performed in one equation model for determination and comparison of the risk factors for organic stenosis and ACS.The analysis revealed that age (standardized regression coefficient, β: 0.206, P < 0.001), male gender (β: 0.126, P < 0.001), HbA1c level (β: 0.109, P < 0.001), HDL level (β: -0.109, P < 0.001) and LDL level (β: 0.127, P = 0.002) were significant for the advancement of organic stenosis. HDL level (β: 0100, P = 0.002) and MDA-LDL level (β: 0.335, P < 0.001) were significant for the onset of ACS, but age, HbA1c and LDL (P = NS or β < 0.1, respectively) were not. Among the risk factors, age, HbA1c and LDL were significantly more strongly associated with organic stenosis than ACS, while MDA-LDL was significantly more strongly associated with ACS than organic stenosis.The current statistical analysis revealed clear differences among the risk factors between the progression of organic stenosis and the onset of ACS. Among them, the MDA-LDL level should be considered to indicate a substantial risk of ACS

The increasing impact of a higher body mass index on the decrease in plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels

Background: Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are increased in patients with heart failure and are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI). However, the effects of BMI in decreasing the plasma BNP levels have not been examined among patients in different BMI categories. Methods: 676 consecutive patients were divided into groups according to their BMI and heart failure grade. We examined the relationship between plasma BNP level and BMI in patients who were admitted to our cardiovascular unit. Results: There were significant differences, not only in the mean plasma BNP level, but also in the distribution pattern of the plasma BNP levels between the low- and high-BMI groups. The plasma BNP levels were negatively correlated with the BMI values in each group stratified by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (I, II and III + IV); however, the regression line was steeper for the higher NYHA classification, and the plasma BNP levels remained low in patients with a high BMI, even in the NYHA III + IV group. Conclusions: BMI is a significant factor that reduces the plasma BNP level. This impact is significantly increased in patients with a high BMI, even among those with a worsening severity of heart failure

Transient decrease in serum potassium level during ischemic attack of acute coronary syndrome: Paradoxical contribution of plasma glucose level and glycohemoglobin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although a decrease in serum potassium level has been suggested to be a fairly common observation in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), there have so far been no definitive reports directly demonstrating the transient potassium decrease (the potassium dip) during ischemic attack of ACS compared to stable phase in individual patients. To understand the pathophysiological significance of the potassium dip, we examined the changes in serum potassium level throughout ischemic attack and evaluated the clinical factors affecting it.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The degree of the potassium dip during ischemic attack (as indicated by ΔK, ΔK = K at discharge − K on admission) was examined in 311 consecutive patients with ACS who required urgent hospitalization in our institution.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Serum potassium level during ischemic attack was significantly decreased compared to that during stable phase (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that plasma glucose level during attack was the sole factor which was positively correlated with ΔK (P < 0.01), while HbA1c level was negatively correlated (P < 0.05). The medication profiles and renal function had no impact on ΔK. A longer hospitalization period, higher incidence of myocardial infarction and higher peak creatine kinase level were observed in patients with a larger ΔK.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We have clearly demonstrated that there is a transient decrease in serum potassium level during ischemic attack of ACS compared to stable phase. The degree of the potassium dip was tightly correlated with glucose level, which overwhelmed the diabetic condition, and it also indicates the disease severity. The present study therefore promotes awareness of the significance of monitoring potassium level in parallel with glucose level in patients with ACS.</p

Model Jigsaw Dalam Perkuliahan Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi Untuk Meningkatkan Kemandirian Dan Prestasi Mahasiswa

The aim of this research is to apply the Jigsaw\u27s model on subject PengantarIlmu Ekonomi at Economic departement of FKlP in Sebelas Maret University to increaseindependent learning and stu-dent achievement. Method used in this research isClassroom Action Research (CAR). According to CAR principles there are research cycles,where the number of research cycles depend on efficacy indicator achieved. In theresearch, the research cycles consist of fours steps, there are: planning, action execution,observation and reflextion. Result describe that learning by using Jigsaw model canimprove student independent learning. By having high independent learning the studentswill be more initiative, exploratary, creative; and have skills to express themself, trying toovercome problem, dare of what they were to be responsible doing; have the ability todescribe the opinion actively in lecturing and looking for experience learning. By havinggood independent learning level, the students can improve the existence of their learningresult. Students try to get information from various source, then to expostulate with otherstudents. These will improve understanding subjects which is inreturn will improve studentlearning achievement

Conflicting relationship between age-dependent disorders, valvular heart disease and coronary artery disease by covariance structure analysis: Possible contribution of natriuretic peptide.

It is conceivable that contemporary valvular heart disease (VHD) is affected largely by an age-dependent atherosclerotic process, which is similar to that observed in coronary artery disease (CAD). However, a comorbid condition of VHD and CAD has not been precisely examined. The first objective of this study was to examine a possible comorbid condition. Provided that there is no comorbidity, the second objective was to search for the possible reasons by using conventional risk factors and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) because BNP has a potentiality to suppress atherosclerotic development.The study population consisted of 3,457 patients consecutively admitted to our institution. The possible comorbid condition of VHD and CAD and the factors that influence the comorbidity were examined by covariance structure analysis and multivariate analysis.The distribution of the patients with VHD and those with CAD in the histograms showed that the incidence of VHD and the severity of CAD rose with seniority in appearance. The real statistical analysis was planned by covariance structure analysis. The current path model revealed that aging was associated with VHD and CAD severity (P < 0.001 for each); however, as a notable result, there was an inverse association regarding the comorbid condition between VHD and CAD (Correlation coefficient [β]: -0.121, P < 0.001). As the second objective, to clarify the factors leading to this inverse association, the contribution of conventional risk factors, such as age, gender, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia, to VHD and CAD were examined by multivariate analysis. However, these factors did not exert an opposing effect on VHD and CAD, and the inverse association defied explanation. Since different pathological mechanisms may contribute to the formation of VHD and CAD, a differentially proposed path model using plasma BNP revealed that an increase in plasma BNP being drawn by VHD suppressed the progression of CAD (β: -0.465, P < 0.001).The incidence of VHD and CAD showed a significant conflicting relationship. This result supported the likely presence of unknown diverse mechanisms on top of the common cascade of atherosclerosis. Among them, the continuous elevation of plasma BNP due to VHD might be one of the explicable factors suppressing the progression of CAD

Multivariate analysis for diseased vessels.

<p>Multivariate analysis for diseased vessels.</p

Proposed Path model B (sub-group analysis of acute coronary syndrome).

<p>The path has estimates of standardized regression weights and estimates of correlations among exogenous variables. The variable (given in parentheses) means “not statistically significant.” UAP = unstable angina pectoris; STEMI = ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI = non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MDA-LDL = malondialdehyde-modified LDL; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HT = hypertension; BMI = body mass index.</p

Proposed Path model C (Potential influence of drugs).

<p>The path has estimates of standardized regression weights and estimates of correlations among exogenous variables. The variable (given in parentheses) means “not statistically significant.” HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MDA-LDL = malondialdehyde-modified LDL; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HT = hypertension; BMI = body mass index. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker.</p