Structure, Coûts Des Transactions Et Integration Spatiale Des Marches Des Produits Alimentaires Au Togo

Le présent travail évalue d'une part la structure des coûts de transaction des principaux produits commercialisés au Togo (maïs, sorgho, oignon, gari, tomate, poisson, volaille et gros bétail), et d'autre part le niveau de l'intégration du marché de maïs qui est devenu le produit dominant dans le système de production, de consommation et de commercialisation au Togo. L'analyse des coûts de transaction réalisée à partir des données primaires a débouché sur le constat global que les coûts de transport représentent le facteur le plus déterminant dans les coûts de transaction. L'analyse de l'intégration du marché de maïs réalisée au moyen de la technique de co-intégration et du modèle de Ravallion appliqués sur des séries de prix a permis de dresser trois constats: 1) il existe un équilibre de long terme stable entre les marchés de Lomé et les autres marchés; 2)Lomé joue le rôle de marché de référence dans le réseau; 3)un retard dans la transmission des changements des prix. Il importe, pour garantir la sécurité alimentaire au Togo d'entreprendre les actions visant:1)à réduire le coût du service transport des produits alimentaires en milieu rural; 2)à améliorer la disponibilité et l'accessibilité de l'information pour l'ensemble des acteurs du marché céréalier (producteurs, consommateurs et commerçants). La mise en œuvre de ces politiques permettra alors d'améliorer la sécurité alimentaire à travers une meilleure disponibilité et accessibilité des produits alimentaires aux consommateurs.marche, couts transaction, integration, co-integration, securite alimentaire, Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Industrial Organization, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Improvement Of Audiovisual Quality Estimation Using A Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Neural Network And Bitstream Parameters

With the increasing demand for audiovisual services, telecom service providers and application developers are compelled to ensure that their services provide the best possible user experience. Particularly, services such as videoconferencing are very sensitive to network conditions. Therefore, their performance should be monitored in real time in order to adjust parameters to any network perturbation. In this paper, we developed a parametric model for estimating the perceived audiovisual quality in videoconference services. Our model is developed with the nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) recurrent neural network and estimates the perceived quality in terms of mean opinion score (MOS). We validate our model using the publicly available INRS bitstream audiovisual quality dataset. This dataset contains bitstream parameters such as loss per frame, bit rate and video duration. We compare the proposed model against state-of-the-art methods based on machine learning and show our model to outperform these methods in terms of mean square error (MSE=0.150) and Pearson correlation coefficient (R=0.931

VALEUR SOCIO-CULTURELLE DES PLANTES ALIMENTAIRES: UN FACTEUR DE PRÉSERVATION

Methods: An ethnobotanical study was conducted in 38 of forty ethnic groups in Togo between 2003 and 2010 in order to encourage the recovery of minor food crops or underutilized plants. Semi structural interviews were used. Minor and underutilized food plants involved in socio-cultural roles were determined. Results: Of the 137 minor food or endangered species identified , 47 species regrouped into 19 species and 36 local varieties possess socio- cultural roles for the surveyed populations. 33 plants provide to people a role in cultural identity or marker , defining lunar calendars and cropping , prosperity or affirmation in society and liberation or freedom from bondage. The establishment of good neighborly relations and hospitality, protection against thieves and pests and ceremonial roles or worship roles involve twenty plants. Some plants have the same role in most ethnic groups. Other roles are insured by different plants according to people. Conclusion: These plants mark the material and ideal relations between man and nature as well as an essential part of the foundation and functioning of whole society. Their loss can cause a loss of symbolic capital and more broadly, a breakdown of social relations

State of Knowledge on Beekeeping Practices in Côte d'Ivoire in the Face of Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of Climate Change

Beekeeping plays an important role in socio-economic development and environmental conservation. This sector is developing in Côte d'Ivoire even if it is an ancient practice. Based on available scientific data, this study aims to take stock of the Ivorian beekeeping sector and its melliferous potential. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the difficulties faced by this sector and to contribute to its sustainable development in the current context of climate change. Côte d'Ivoire’s honey is of good quality and very rich in nutrients: pollen grains, minerals, etc. A part Apis mellifera, other species of bees are present and could be used in keeping. Despite favorable climatic and floristic conditions, beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire is still in its infancy caused by several challenges: Environmental conditions, lack of training of beekeepers, and weak commitment of stakeholders. To modernize the sector, we need to combine the efforts of the authorities, take into account the recommendations of scientific publications, and encourage the population to understand the importance of preserving plants and bees by practicing modern beekeeping

State of Knowledge on Beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Productivity of the Sector in the Context of Climate Change

The beekeeping sector in Côte d'Ivoire is developing. Honey gathering, traditional beekeeping and modern beekeeping are widespread in the centre and north of the country. They enable the populations of these areas to diversify and increase their income, and to cure certain benign diseases. Côte d'Ivoire honeys are of good quality and very rich in nutrients: pollen grains and minerals. Despite favourable climatic and floristic conditions, beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire is still in its infancy, with the aim of increasing honey production. The population of Côte d'Ivoire does not keep bees and is more interested in cash crops than beekeeping. The aim of this study is to take stock of the Ivorian beekeeping sector and its melliferous potential on the basis of available scientific data. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the difficulties facing the sector in terms of sustainable development.&nbsp

State of Knowledge on Beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Productivity of the Sector in the Context of Climate Change

The beekeeping sector in Côte d'Ivoire is developing. Honey gathering, traditional beekeeping and modern beekeeping are widespread in the centre and north of the country. They enable the populations of these areas to diversify and increase their income, and to cure certain benign diseases. Côte d'Ivoire honeys are of good quality and very rich in nutrients: pollen grains and minerals. Despite favourable climatic and floristic conditions, beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire is still in its infancy, with the aim of increasing honey production. The population of Côte d'Ivoire does not keep bees and is more interested in cash crops than beekeeping. The aim of this study is to take stock of the Ivorian beekeeping sector and its melliferous potential on the basis of available scientific data. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the difficulties facing the sector in terms of sustainable development.&nbsp

EVALUATION DES ACTIVITÉS ANTIMICROBIENNES DE TRIDAX PROCUMBENS (ASTERACEAE), JATROPHA MULTIFIDA (EUPHORBIACEAE) ET DE CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (ASTERACEAE)

Tridax procumbens, Jatropha multifida and Chromolaena odorata are three ( 03) plants used in traditional medicine for treatment of some of the most common diseases in Togo . These plants have been studied for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. To this end, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of these plants were tested by the method of broth dilution coupled with the spreading on solid medium. The antimicrobial activity of three plants was assessed on three germs two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and yeast (Candida albicans). The results showed that J. multifida has a very strong inhibitory activity against C. albicans (nearly 100 %) and moderate activity on both bacteria. The three extracts of root bark of C. odorata have a significant effect on S. aureus and E. coli and lower action on C. albicans. Extracts from the leaves of T. procumbens inhibited S. aureus growing in about 98 % and E. coli to nearly 70 %. It’s activity against C. albicans is average. A basic phytochemical analysis of these extracts helped highlight tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids in the extracts of all the tested plants. These compounds would be the cause of their inhibitory effects

EVALUATION DE L’ACTIVITE ANTIMICROBIENNE DE MOMORDICA CHARANTIA (CUCURBITACEAE), PSIDIUM GUAJAVA (MYRTACEAE) ET PTELEOPSIS SUBEROSA (COMBRETACEAE)

Three plants [Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae); Psidium guajava (Myrtaveae) and Pteleopsis suberosa (Combretaceae)] used in traditional medicine in the management of common infections in Togo were assessed for their antimicrobial properties. To do this, the extracts of the three plants obtained by column chromatography were tested by the method of dilution in liquid medium coupled with the spreading on solid medium. A basic phytochemical analysis of these extracts has highlighted the major chemical compound. The results show that the aqueous extracts of leaves of Momordica charantia were most active against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus) with percentage of inhibition of 92.64, 91.86 and 93.57% respectively. The aqueous extract of stem bark of Pteleopsis suberosa was the most active against the yeast Candida albicans with percentage of inhibition of 80.74%. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins disclosed in these plant extracts would be the cause of the antimicrobial activities observed. These results validate the use of these plants in the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms tested

Caractérisation Agronomique des Arbres Performants d’Anacardiers (Anacardium occidentale L.), Sélectionnés dans les Zones de Production au Togo

Les maillons des interprofessions anacarde ont un intérêt économique commun pour des entreprises nationales et internationales. La faible productivité des plantations au Togo est causée par l’utilisation des semences tout-venant et de l’absence de sélection du matériel végétal performant. L’objectif de l’étude est d’augmenter les rendements avec les noix de qualité par l’utilisation de matériel végétal performant sélectionné. Trois prospections annuelles précédées d’une pré identification des vergers des arbres à productivité élevée ont été réalisées. Les critères de choix des arbres ont été l’âge, la forme de l’arbre et de la noix, la qualité de l’amande, la productivité, le nombre d’inflorescences, la période de fructification, et l’état sanitaire des arbres pré identifiés.  Au total trente-six arbres présentant les meilleurs critères ont été retenus. La structuration agronomique a permis d’obtenir trois groupes d’arbres ayant une productivité moyenne entre 24,67 ± 1,764 et 72,33 ± 5,983 kg, un grainage compris entre 139 et 221, un KOR compris entre 41 et 60, les taux d’amande entre 260 et 314. Les arbres élites obtenus vont permettre de produire des plants améliorés à partir du greffage et le sur greffage. La résistance de ces arbres élites aux maladies va contribuer à contrôler l’état sanitaire des vergers par une lutte intégrée. Les rendements en production d’anacarde vont augmenter avec l’utilisation des semences sélectionnées.   The links of the cashew inter-branch association have found a common economic interest in the cashew sector due to the growing demand for nuts by national and international processing companies. The low productivity of cashew plantations in Togo is caused by the use of all-coming seeds and the lack of selection of efficient plant material. The objective of the study is to increase yields with quality nuts through the use of selected high-performance plant material. Three annual surveys preceded by a pre-identification of orchards of high-productivity trees were carried out. The criteria for choosing trees took into account the age, shape of the tree and nut, the quality of the kernel, productivity, inflorescences, fruiting period, and health status of the pre-identified trees. Thirty-six trees with the best criteria were selected. The agronomic structuring made it possible to obtain three groups of trees with average productivity between 24.67 ± 1.764 and 72.33 ± 5.983 kg, graining between 139 and 221, KOR between 41 and 60, the fine rates between 260 and 314. The elite trees thus obtained will make to produce improved plants from the grafts and over-grafting. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. Cashew production yields will increase with the use of selected seeds from the study