The masses of the mesons and baryons. Part II. The Standing Wave Model

In order to explain the empirical integer multiple rule for the stable mesons and baryons presented in the preceding paper we assume that the particles are held together in a cubic nuclear lattice. This is a novel approach to the particles, based on the fact that the range of the weak nuclear force is only a thousandth of the diameter of the nucleon, and that the crystals are the best-known macroscopic bodies held together by a microscopic force. We investigate the standing waves in a cubic nuclear lattice. From the frequency distribution of the waves follows that the masses of the $\gamma$-branch particles are integer multiples of $m(\pi^0)$. We show that each particle has automatically an antiparticle. Assuming that the energy of the oscillations is determined by Planck's formula for the energy of a linear oscillator, it turns out that the $\pi^0$ meson and the other members of the $\gamma$-branch are like cubic black bodies filled with plane, standing electromagnetic waves. Our standing wave model explains the integer multiple rule of the masses of the neutral mesons and baryons of the $\gamma$-branch and uses nothing else but photons. Our results justify the cubic lattice assumption.Comment: 6 pages; 2 figure

Apparatus for real-time acoustic imaging of Rayleigh-Benard convection

We have designed and built an apparatus for real-time acoustic imaging of convective flow patterns in optically opaque fluids. This apparatus takes advantage of recent advances in two-dimensional ultrasound transducer array technology; it employs a modified version of a commercially available ultrasound camera, similar to those employed in non-destructive testing of solids. Images of convection patterns are generated by observing the lateral variation of the temperature dependent speed of sound via refraction of acoustic plane waves passing vertically through the fluid layer. The apparatus has been validated by observing convection rolls in both silicone oil and ferrofluid.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, submitted to the Review of Scientific Instrument

SPUTTER DEPTH PROFILING OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES USING SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY

The technique of sputter depth profiling by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry of samples with high resistivity is reviewed. As examples we discuss optical waveguides made in lithium niobate by titanium indiffusion and implantation and also yttrium iron garnet waveguides grown by liquid phase epitaxy on gadolinium gallium garnet. Depth profiling of these waveguide structures has been performed and the necessary precautions to prevent charging by the primary ion beam are discussed. In some cases, coating with a metallic layer is adequate, but a more universal method is charge neutralization by an additional electron beam

MTSS1 is a critical epigenetically regulated tumor suppressor in CML

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is driven by malignant stem cells that can persist despite therapy. We have identified Metastasis suppressor 1 (Mtss1/MIM) to be downregulated in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from leukemic transgenic SCLtTA/Bcr-Abl mice and in patients with CML at diagnosis, and Mtss1 was restored when patients achieved complete remission. Forced expression of Mtss1 decreased clonogenic capacity and motility of murine myeloid progenitor cells and reduced tumor growth. Viral transduction of Mtss1 into lineage depleted SCLtTA/Bcr-Abl bone marrow cells decreased leukemic cell burden in recipients, and leukemogenesis was reduced upon injection of Mtss1 overexpressing murine myeloid 32D cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy and reversion of Bcr-Abl expression increased Mtss1 expression but failed to restore it to control levels. CML patient samples revealed higher DNA methylation of specific Mtss1 promoter CpG sites that contain binding sites for Kaiso and Rest transcription factors. In summary, we identified a novel tumor suppressor in CML stem cells that is downregulated by both Bcr-Abl kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Restored Mtss1 expression markedly inhibits primitive leukemic cell biology in vivo, providing a therapeutic rationale for the Bcr-Abl-Mtss1 axis to target TKI resistant CML stem cells in patients

Electrical signature in polar night cloud base variations

Layer clouds are globally extensive. Their lower edges are charged negatively by the fair weather atmospheric electricity current flowing vertically through them. Using polar winter surface meteorological data from Sodankyla ̈ (Finland) and Halley (Antarctica), we find that when meteorological diurnal variations are weak, an appreciable diurnal cycle, on average, persists in the cloud base heights, detected using a laser ceilometer. The diurnal cloud base heights from both sites correlate more closely with the Carnegie curve of global atmospheric electricity than with local meteorological measurements. The cloud base sensitivities are indistinguishable between the northern and southern hemispheres, averaging a (4.0 ± 0.5) m rise for a 1% change in the fair weather electric current density. This suggests that the global fair weather current, which is affected by space weather, cosmic rays and the El Nin ̃o Southern Oscillation, is linked with layer cloud properties

How does flow in a pipe become turbulent?

The transition to turbulence in pipe flow does not follow the scenario familiar from Rayleigh-Benard or Taylor-Couette flow since the laminar profile is stable against infinitesimal perturbations for all Reynolds numbers. Moreover, even when the flow speed is high enough and the perturbation sufficiently strong such that turbulent flow is established, it can return to the laminar state without any indication of the imminent decay. In this parameter range, the lifetimes of perturbations show a sensitive dependence on initial conditions and an exponential distribution. The turbulence seems to be supported by three-dimensional travelling waves which appear transiently in the flow field. The boundary between laminar and turbulent dynamics is formed by the stable manifold of an invariant chaotic state. We will also discuss the relation between observations in short, periodically continued domains, and the dynamics in fully extended puffs.Comment: for the proceedings of statphys 2

Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard convection in a homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal

We report experimental results for convection near onset in a thin layer of a homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal heated from below as a function of the temperature difference $\Delta T$ and the applied vertical magnetic field $H$ and compare them with theoretical calculations. The experiments cover the field range 8 \alt h \equiv H/ H_{F} \alt 80 ($H_F =$ is the Fr\'eedericksz field). For $h$ less than a codimension-two field $h_{ct} \simeq 46$ the bifurcation is subcritical and oscillatory, with travelling- and standing-wave transients. Beyond $h_{ct}$ the bifurcation is stationary and subcritical until a tricritical field $h_t= 57.2$ is reached, beyond which it is supercritical. The bifurcation sequence as a function of $h$ found in the experiment confirms the qualitative aspects of the theoretical predictions. However, the value of $h_{ct}$ is about 10% higher than the predicted value and the results for $k_c$ are systematically below the theory by about 2% at small $h$ and by as much as 7% near $h_{ct}$. At $h_{ct}$, $k_c$ is continuous within the experimental resolution whereas the theory indicates a 7% discontinuity. The theoretical tricritical field $h_t^{th} = 51$ is somewhat below the experimental one. The fully developed flow above $R_c$ for $h < h_{ct}$ is chaotic. For $h_{ct} < h < h_t$ the subcritical stationary bifurcation also leads to a chaotic state. The chaotic states persist upon reducing the Rayleigh number below $R_c$, i.e. the bifurcation is hysteretic. Above the tricritical field $h_t$, we find a bifurcation to a time independent pattern which within our resolution is non-hysteretic.Comment: 15 pages incl. 23 eps figure