Детская инфекционная заболеваемость в Москве: проблемы и их решение

Based on statistical data, a comparative analysis of infectious morbidity and mortality in Moscow in 2015 and 2014 revealed a whole, the decline in these indicators. Made significant progress in reducing infectious morbidity in Moscow due to the vaccination of children, including — increased regional calendar of preventive vaccinations. However, analysis of the work of medical institutions indicates the feasibility of the development and introduction of technologies of management of patients with post-infectious syndromes, as well as improving the health care system for children with infectious diseases based on a multidisciplinary approach in close cooperation infectious disease and pediatricians of different specialties. To solve these problems is proposed a plan to improve the effectiveness of children's infectious diseases services relating to the reorganization of hospital beds and outpatient care, ensure the continuity of the different health facilities, implementation of modern methods of etiological diagnosis of infections, the organization of continuous vocational training of paediatricians in Moscow on a specialty «Infectious diseases».На основе статистических данных проведен сравнительный анализ инфекционной заболеваемости и летальности в Москве за 2015 и 2014 гг., выявивший, в целом, тенденцию к сокращению этих показателей. Достигнуты существенные успехи в снижении инфекционной заболеваемости у детей Москвы за счет вакцинопрофилактики, в том числе — расширения регионального календаря профилактических прививок. Вместе с тем, анализ работы медицинских учреждений указывает на целесообразность разработки и внедрения технологий ведения больных с постинфекционными синдромами, а также совершенствования системы оказания медицинской помощи детям с инфекционными заболеваниями на основе междисциплинарного подхода при тесном взаимодействии инфекционистов и педиатров различных специальностей. Для решения этих задач предложен план повышения эффективности детской инфекционной службы, касающийся реорганизации коечного фонда и амбулаторной помощи, обеспечения преемственности разных ЛПУ, внедрения современных методов этиологической диагностики инфекций, организации непрерывного профессионального образования врачей-педиатров Москвы по специальности «Инфекционные болезни»

Ретроспективный анализ шигеллеза у госпитализированных больных

The relevance of the study of Shigellosis is due to the fact that the pathogen is capable of invasion and the production of cyto- and neurotoxins, which leads to the development of severe inflammation and toxicosis, and with massive infection — and neurotoxicosis. Purpose: to study the clinical and laboratory features of the course of Shigellosis in hospitalized patients at the present stage. Materials and Methods: a retrospective study of 17 case histories of children aged 9 month to 17 years old, hospitalized in the infectious diseases department of a Moscow hospital in 2019 with a confirmed diagnosis of Shigellosis, was carried out. Results: depending on the season, the frequency of hospitalizations of children with Shigellosis was practically the same in autumn, winter and spring, excluding summer (35%, 35%, 30% and 0%, respectively). Children with Shigellosis under the age of 1 year were 2, 1—3 years old — 4, 3—7 years old — 5, 7—14 years old — 3, over 14 years old — 3. The diagnosis of Shigellosis was confirmed in 13 patients according to the results of bacteriological research , in 4 — according to IHR (indirect hemagglutination reaction) data (without seeding). Shigella flexneri 2a was detected in 14 children, Shigella sonnei in 2, Shigella flexneri 2a together with Shigella sonnei in 1. Most of the patients 82.4% (14/17) were admitted to the hospital in the first three days of illness (by 2.8 ± 0.05 days). Intoxication symptoms were expressed in all patients, vomiting — in 76.5% of cases (13/17), fever — in 94% (16/17), abdominal pain — in 82.4% (14/17), inflammatory impurities in feces (cloudy mucus) — in all patients, hemocolitis (streaks of blood in feces) — in all but one — 94% (16/17). In one third of patients, Shigellosis was severe — in 35% (6/17). Conclusions. Shigellosis remains relevant due to the incidence of hemocolitis, severe forms, which requires hospitalization.Актуальность изучения шигеллеза обусловлена тем, что возбудитель способен к инвазии и выработке цито- и нейротоксинов, что приводит к развитию выраженного воспаления и токсикоза, а при массивном инфицировании — и нейротоксикоза. Цель: изучение клинико-лабораторных особенностей течения шигеллеза у госпитализированных больных на современном этапе. Материалы и методы: проведено ретроспективное изучение 17 историй болезни детей в возрасте от 9 месяцев жизни до 17 лет, находившихся в инфекционном отделении стационара города Москвы в 2019 г. с подтвержденным диагнозом шигеллез. Результаты: в зависимости от времени года частота госпитализаций детей с шигеллезом была практически одинаковая осенью, зимой и весной, исключая лето (35%, 35%, 30% и 0% соответственно). Детей с шигеллезом в возрасте до 1 г. было 2, 1—3 лет — 4, 3—7 лет — 5, 7—14 лет — 3, старше 14 лет — 3. Диагноз шигеллеза был подтвержден у 13 больных по результатам бактериологического исследования, у 4 — по данным РНГА (без высева). У 14 детей выявлена Shigella flexneri 2a, у 2 - Shigella sonnei , у 1 Shigella flexneri 2a совместно с Shigella sonnei. Большинство больных 82,4% (14/17) поступали в стационар в первые три дня болезни (на 2,8 ± 0,05 день). Симптомы интоксикации были выражены у всех больных, рвота — в 76,5% случаев (13/17), лихорадка — в 94% (16/17), боли в животе — в 82,4% (14/17), воспалительные примеси в кале (мутная слизь) — у всех больных, гемоколит (прожилки крови в кале) — у всех, кроме одного — 94% (16/17). У трети больных шигеллез протекал в тяжелой форме — в 35% (6/17). Выводы. Шигеллез на современном этапе протекает типично и сохраняет свою актуальность ввиду частоты развития гемоколита, тяжелых форм, что требует госпитализции в стационар

Бактериальные диареи у госпитализированных детей

Objective: to study the clinical and laboratory manifestations of acute intestinal infections of bacterial etiology in hospitalized children, depending on the etiology, age, topic of the lesion, and complications.A cohort clinical study of 570 children hospitalized from January to October 2019 in the infectious wards of Children's Clinical Hospital No.9 in Moscow was conducted. Studies included routine laboratory methods, bacteriological analysis of feces, Latex test, ELISA, PCR to detect pathogens, serological reactions to detect specific antibodies in blood serum. Two groups of patients were specially formed to compare the features of the course of bacterial diarrhea without hemorrhagic colitis (n = 111) and with hemorrhagic colitis (n = 125).Among 33.2% of cases of deciphered etiology of bacterial diarrhea, Salmonella was isolated in 14.6%, Campylobacter — in 4.7%, Shigella — in 3%, in other cases — conditionally pathogenic flora. Salmonellosis and Сampylobacteriosis with the same frequency are recorded in children in the age groups of 1—3 and 3—7 years, in half of the patients proceed as enterocolitis (58 and 52%, respectively). Shigellosis is diagnosed in children older than 1 year of life with the same frequency in age groups 1—3, 3—7 and older than 7 years, a third of patients (35%) develop severe forms.In most cases (83.2%), a complicated course of bacterial diarrhea was detected, more often dehydration 1 and 2 degrees (36.5%), acute respiratory viral infections (19.6%), mesadenitis (11.2%), community-acquired pneumonia (4.6%).Enterocolitis is the topic of lesion in half of the children, and every 5th patient develops hemorrhagic colitis (21.9%). In 44% of cases of established etiology of hemorrhagic colitis, Salmonella was confirmed. Hemocolitis also develops more often with shigellosis, campylobacteriosis and clostridiosis. In the group of bacterial diarrhea with hemorrhagic colitis, significant differences were revealed compared with the group without hemocolitis: by the frequency of development in children under 3 years of age; by the duration of treatment in a hospital; by the frequency of mesadenitis; by the content of stab neutrophils in the hemogram, reflecting a more pronounced inflammation in hemorrhagic colitis.Thus, bacterial diarrhea in children remains relevant due to the severity of inflammation, the incidence of complicated course and hemorrhagic colitis, which requires hospitalization.Цель: изучение клинико-лабораторных проявлений острых кишечных инфекций (ОКИ) бактериальной этиологии у госпитализированных детей в зависимости от этиологии, возраста, топики поражения, осложнений.Проводилось когортное клиническое исследование 570 детей, госпитализированных с января по октябрь 2019 г. в инфекционные отделения ДГКБ № 9 им. Г.Н. Сперанского ДЗ г. Москвы, включающее рутинные лабораторные методы, для верификации возбудителей — бактериологический анализ кала, Latex-тест, ИФА, ПЦР, для выявления специфических антител в сыворотке крови — серологические реакции (РНГА). Были специально сформированы две группы больных для сравнения особенностей течения бактериальных диарей без геморрагического колита (n = 111) и с гемоколитом (n = 125).Среди 33,2% случаев расшифрованной этиологии бактериальных диарей в 14,6% выделена Salmonella, в 4,7% — Campylobacter, в 3% — Shigella, в остальных — УПФ. Сальмонеллез и кампилобактериоз одинаково часто выявляются у детей в возрастных группах 1—3 и 3—7 лет и в половине случаев протекают по типу энтероколита (58 и 52% соответственно). Шигеллез диагностируется у детей старше 1 года жизни с одинаковой частотой во всех возрастных группах (1—3, 3—7 и старше 7 лет), у трети больных (35%) протекает в тяжелых формах.В большинстве случаев (83,2%) выявлено осложненное течение бактериальных диарей, чаще регистрировался эксикоз 1 и 2 степени (36,5%), ОРВИ (19,6%), мезаденит (11,2%), внебольничная пневмония (4,6%).Топикой поражения в половине случаев является энтероколит, а у каждого 5-го больного развивается геморрагический колит (21,9%). В 44% случаев установленной этиологии гемоколита подтверждена Salmonella. Также значительно чаще гемоколит развивается при шигеллезе, кампилобактериозе и клостридиозе. В группе бактериальных диарей с гемоколитом выявлены достоверные различия по сравнению с группой без гемоколита: по частоте развития у детей в возрасте до 3 лет жизни; по длительности пребывания в стационаре; по частоте возникновения мезаденита; по содержанию палочкоядерных нейтрофилов в гемограмме, т.е. более выраженному воспалению при гемоколитах.Таким образом, бактериальные диареи у детей сохраняют свою актуальность ввиду выраженности воспаления, частоты развития осложненного течения и геморрагических колитов, что требует госпитализации

Легионеллезная пневмония с формированием множественных абсцессов легких

A case of bilateral polysegmental destructive legionella pneumonia with the formation of multiple lung abscesses in an immunocompetent boy aged 15 years is presented.The child had symptoms of intoxication with febrile fever, myalgia, unproductive cough, respiratory failure, dull percussion sound and weakening of breathing on both sides in the lower sections. A computed tomography of the chest revealed multiple bilateral multifocal foci of pulmonary tissue with destruction. The diagnosis of legionella pneumonia was made on the basis of detection of IgM antibodies to L. pneumophila with an increase in titer in the dynamics and exclusion of other causes of lung damage. Levofloxacin turned out to be an effective antibacterial drug.It is necessary to take into account the ability of microorganisms of the genus Legionella to cause multiple abscess formation of lung tissue.Представлен случай двусторонней полисегментарной  деструктивной легионеллезной  пневмонии с формированием множественных абсцессов легких у иммунокомпетного мальчика в возрасте 15 лет.У ребенка отмечались  симптомы интоксикации с фебрильной лихорадкой, миалгии, малопродуктивный кашель, дыхательная недостаточность, притупление перкуторного звука и ослабление дыхания с обеих сторон в нижних отделах. При компьютерной томографии грудной клетки были выявлены множественные  билатеральные мультифокальные очаги уплотнения легочной ткани с деструкцией. Диагноз легионеллезной  пневмонии был поставлен на основании обнаружения антител класса IgМ к L. pneumophila с нарастанием титра в динамике и исключении других причин поражения легких. Эффективными антибактериальным препаратом оказался левофлоксацин.Таким образом, необходимо принимать во внимание способность микроорганизмов рода Legionella вызывать множественное абсцедирование легочной ткани

Ульцерогландулярная форма туляремии

The article provides a brief literature review on tularemia, shows the current epidemic situation of tularemia in Russia and analyzes the characteristic clinical picture of the ulceroglandular form of tularemia. A clinical example of an ulceroglandular form of tularemia in a child.В статье представлен краткий обзор литературы, посвященный туляремии, показана текущая эпидемическая ситуация по туляремии в России и разобрана характерная клиническая картина ульцерогландулярной формы туляремии. Приводится клинический пример ульцерогландулярной формы туляремии у ребенка

Злокачественная форма гепатита В у детей

The article deals with the problem of fulminant viral hepatitis at the present stage. Are given their own observation of children, patients with fulminant hepatitis B. The data, including clinical examples show that fulminant hepatitis B occurs in born to HBV-infected mothers to infants during the first six months of life, which has not been evaluated vaccine prevention of hepatitis B, and is characterized by a high level of mortality.В статье рассматривается проблема злокачественного вирусного гепатита на современном этапе. Приводятся собственные наблюдения за детьми со злокачественной формой гепатита В. Представленные данные, в том числе клинические примеры, показывают, что злокачественный гепатит В возникает у рожденных от HBV-инфицированных матерей детей первого полугодия жизни, которым не проводилась вакцинопрофилактика гепатита В, и характеризуется высоким уровнем летальности

СЕПСИС, ВЫЗВАННЫЙ HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA

The article provides clinical examples of hemophilic sepsis developed in non-vaccinated children with immunodeficiency conditions resulted in death.В статье приводятся два случая гемофильного сепсиса, развившегося у невакцинированных детей с иммунодефицитными состояниями, закончившиеся летальным исходом

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health