47 research outputs found

    Achieving a Jobs-Housing balance in the Paris region - the potential of reducing car trafic

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    Many experts believe that the uninterrupted lengthening of trip distances, and especially trip-to-work distances, is carried mostly by urban sprawl combined to growing functional (economic functions/residential functions) and social (high-class residential areas/low-class residential areas) specialization of urban space. According to them, these three dynamics (urban sprawl - functional specialization - social specialization) drag along quantitative and qualitative spatial imbalances between economic and residential functions and these spatial imbalances contribute to widen the distance separating workers' homes and job places, and hence, to lenghten the trips-to-work. On the basis of this diagnosis, the re-establishement of a greater balance, on both quantitative and qualitative grounds, between jobs and housing in different areas of the city is currently emerging as a major issue regarding the car-traffic reducing goal. Making the assumption that the multiplication of long-distance trips occurs as a consequence of greater difficulties encountered by households searching decent housing nearby workplaces, many experts argue that efficient urban policies promoting a diversified housing supply nearby job centres would allow more reasonable commuting distances and that such a return should go forth with a reduction in car traffic. In this paper, through a simulation model based on re-assignment of households closer to their workplaces, we examine the potential of car traffic reduction in the case of the Paris region. More precisely the impact of jobs-housing balance policy is based on a simulation model which states assignment of households located far from their work place within zones located nearer to the work place. The households that are reassigned are those where all workers travel more than a given time-threshold to reach their work place. These households are relocated within a perimeter around either the work place of the head of the household if it is a one worker household or the work place of the female worker if it is a two worker household - this perimeter is defined with reference to a time-threshold (set to 20, 30 or 45 minutes by private car or by public transport). For each type of household (defined according to social status, number of workers and family profile), the type of housing demanded by reassigned households is derived from the structure of housing detained by households that are already located within the perimeter of re-assignment. Three analyses are conducted on the basis of this simulation. According to the different time-thresholds : first, we estimate the total distances saved on home-work trips by private car when households are reassigned. Second, we identify the characteristics of reassigned households (especially social status, number of workers, family profile, residential location, job location, etc.). Third, we estimate the housing offer/demand imbalance after re-assignment (with specific interest for the case of housing for low-income groups).

    Trophic consequences of an invasive, small-bodied non-native fish, sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus, for native pond fishes

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    Assessments of the trophic consequences of invasive fishes are important for quantifying their ecological impacts on native species more generally. A small-bodied cyprinid fish native to continental Europe and introduced in the 1970s to the U.K, the sunbleak Leuciscus delineatus, has been shown previously to establish closer social associations with native species of similar size than do native species amongst themselves. To assess the potential detrimental trophic consequences of native species associations with L. delineatus, a field-based experiment was undertaken in summer 2015 in six outdoor, artificial ponds containing three native cyprinid species (rudd Scardinius erthrophthalamus, gudgeon Gobio gobio, tench Tinca tinca). Three ponds were controls (no L. delineatus) and three were treatments (L. delineatus present). The results of stable isotope analysis (SIA) of fish tissue samples provided strong evidence that the isotopic niches of both native benthic fishes were reduced in the presence of L. delineatus, although there were no significant effects on the trophic position, body size or condition of two of the three native fish species. Introduced L. delineatus maintained a core isotopic niche that was distinct from the two native benthic fishes, with no overlap detected between native and non-native fishes when including 40 % and 95% of the data. These results indicate that the response of the native fishes to the introduction of L. delineatus was niche constriction via trophic specialisation, with this response sufficient to maintain their growth rates and condition. This result is similar to studies on a range of small-bodied invasive fishes, suggesting the trophic impacts of these invaders are relatively consistent across species and systems

    Tolerance to commuting in urban household location choice: evidence from the Paris metropolitan area

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    International audienceMany social scientists consider improvements in urban travel facilities during the last decades of the 20th century to have significantly weakened proximity constraints, and therefore think that home-workplace proximity is no longer a major factor in household location choice. They believe that better transport conditions give households more freedom in selecting their homes and workplaces, regardless of the distance separating these two locations. We argue that this point of view underestimates the costs of daily commuting (which remains an increasing function of trip length) and consequently overestimates households' tolerance to commuting. The aim of our research is to measure how much weight households give to home-workplace proximity in actual location choices. Using survey data from the Paris-Ile-de-France metropolitan area, we carry out analyses to estimate two values: (i) the share of home and workplace changes (observed between 1991-2002) which either bring home and workplace closer to each other or keep these two places close to each other, and (ii) the "life expectancy" of job-residence combinations imposing long-distance commutes

    La ville du quart d'heure : plus proche, plus lente, plus forte ? Estimation de la valeur d'une devise urbaine

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    Si par ville des proximitĂ©s, il faut entendre une organisation urbaine oĂč tout citadin trouve tout ce dont il a besoin pour vivre bien Ă  l'intĂ©rieur d'un pĂ©rimĂštre de proximitĂ© autour de son domicile, dans un rayon praticable Ă  pied ou Ă  vĂ©lo, le chantier semble immense Ă  un point tel que les croyants peuvent passer pour des utopistes sans grand sens pratique. On propose ici d'examiner succinctement ces points de tension

    Construire de la mixité sociale en construisant des logements sociaux ? Un bilan dans les métropoles de Paris, Lyon et Marseille

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    International audienceEn mobilisant les donnĂ©es du Recensement de la Population 2008 de l’INSEE, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© la contribution des logements sociaux rĂ©cents (construits entre 1999 et 2008) Ă  la mixitĂ© sociale dans les trois grands mĂ©tropoles français. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que ces nouveaux logements sociaux dans les aires urbaines de Paris, Lyon et Marseille ont globalement produit un impact favorable Ă  la mixitĂ© sociale mais cet effet est trĂšs modeste. Dans l’ensemble, ces logements ont augmentĂ© la cohabitation entre tous les groupes sociaux mais de maniĂšre marginale – de l’ordre de 1%-1,5%. Pratiquement une dĂ©cennie de construction de logements sociaux a donc induit un trĂšs petit supplĂ©ment de mixitĂ© sociale.Cet impact limitĂ© est d’abord une consĂ©quence de la faible quantitĂ© de logements sociaux produits sur la pĂ©riode. Mais il semble, au regard de nos rĂ©sultats, qu’il y avait de la marge pour obtenir un effet plus important. L’évaluation au niveau micro montre que, selon les cas, une part oscillant entre 40% et 50% des logements sociaux rĂ©cents ont affaibli le degrĂ© de cohabitation entre groupes sociaux. En optimisant la combinaison localisation-occupation des logements sociaux rĂ©cents, il Ă©tait donc possible d’augmenter l’impact de ces derniers sur la mixitĂ© sociale

    Champs des possibles résidentiels: Histoires drÎles et sérieuses de déménagement

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    Il s'agit d'un livre rĂ©digĂ© par l'auteur Ă  partir d'une recherche originale et mis en ligne en accĂšs libre.Peu d’expĂ©riences de la vie quotidienne sont aussi communes que la prospection d’un logement : toute personne ou presque se trouve, un jour ou l’autre, en situation de chercher un nouveau chez-soi et de dĂ©mĂ©nager dans la foulĂ©e. Quel est le champ des possibles rĂ©sidentiels qui s’ouvre devant les prospectants lorsqu’ils se lancent dans la prospection, et quel est le degrĂ© d’ouverture de ce champ, c’est-Ă -dire la variĂ©tĂ© des options qu’il contient en termes de gĂ©ographie, de rĂ©gime d’occupation (achat/location) ou encore de genre de logement (maison/appartement, par exemple) ? Cet ouvrage restitue une enquĂȘte de terrain, elle-mĂȘme exercice de prospection, Ă  la recherche d’une rĂ©ponse Ă  cette question. Trente personnes habitantes de la grande mĂ©tropole parisienne ont procĂ©dĂ©, dans le cadre d’entretiens avec l’auteur, Ă  une rĂ©trospective de leurs expĂ©riences de prospection, autant d’"histoires drĂŽles et sĂ©rieuses de dĂ©mĂ©nagement", revenant au passage sur les options qu’ils ont envisagĂ©es comme des "possibles" dans le dĂ©roulement de la prospection. Ce matĂ©riau, outre le fait d’alimenter en Ă©lĂ©ments empiriques la rĂ©flexion sur le degrĂ© d’ouverture des champs des possibles rĂ©sidentiels, a donnĂ© matiĂšre Ă  ce qu’on pourrait appeler une sociologie de la prospection de logement

    Les villes sont peuplées de gens qui ne sont pas (toujours) ceux qu'on croßt

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    auto-publicationInternational audienceDans les sociĂ©tĂ©s modernes, les gens qui vivent dans les villes sont exposĂ©s Ă  une certaine pluralitĂ© normative quant aux ‘bonnes maniĂšres de vivre’. Il existe des arguments pour rendre dĂ©sirable et justifiable toute une variĂ©tĂ© de choix de vie et il existe des contre-arguments dissuasifs, rĂ©duisant l’attrait des mĂȘmes choix, ou les rendant plus difficile Ă  assumer, ou leur faisant subir la concurrence d’autres choix pas moins tentant. Cette pluralitĂ© vient parfois se nicher dans l’intĂ©rioritĂ© des individus, Ă  travers des processus de socialisation plurielle, opĂ©rant dans des cadres d’influence qui ne sont jamais entiĂšrement fermĂ©s, et complexifiant les systĂšmes de prĂ©fĂ©rences avec des penchants multiples. Elle se manifeste parfois ‘de l’extĂ©rieur’, Ă  travers une complexification des conditions dans lesquelles on doit arbitrer entre les possibilitĂ©s. Un des produits dĂ©rivĂ©s de cet Ă©tat est une pluralisation des modes de vie parmi des personnes proches au regard de leurs positions et identitĂ©s sociales dans les grandes lignes. Acheter son logement ou le louer, habiter un quartier plutĂŽt ‘bourgeois’ ou plutĂŽt ‘populaire’, au centre ou en banlieue, faire ses courses chez un ‘petit commerçant’ ou dans une grande surface, accompagner ses enfants Ă  l’école soi-mĂȘme ou s’organiser autrement, se dĂ©placer en automobile ou avec les modes alternatifs : ces questions de l’existence au quotidien, et d’autres encore, trouvent des rĂ©ponses polarisĂ©es chez de nombreux groupes de personnes aux multiples traits communs. Ce livre est lĂ  pour tenter d’exposer ce fait et de rĂ©flĂ©chir Ă  certaines de ses consĂ©quences

    Les nouvelles frontiÚres des inégalités

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