Mantereisen Latinalaisen Amerikan kuvaaminen James Bond -elokuvissa

Peer reviewe

Tiwanaku deposits of offerings on the island of Pariti, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia

Peer reviewe

RADIOCARBON VS. LUMINESCENCE DATING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS IN THE SOUTHERN ANDES : A REVIEW OF PAIRED DATES, BAYESIAN MODELS, AND A PILOT STUDY

Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press for the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona.Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s, inspired by early success in northern Chile. However, luminescence dates have not been rigorously compared to independent dating methods, which this paper's goal. First, we present a compilation of 94 paired 14C and luminescence dates from the southern Andes, which reveals discrepancies across a range of contexts and ages. Second, we compare two Bayesian models of sets of 14C and thermoluminescence (TL) dates from three ceramic styles in the Azapa Valley, Chile, and the Inca occupation of Mendoza, Argentina. We find that only the 14C models produce results that agree with expectations based on independent data. Third, we present results from a pilot study in Mendoza that dated 6 sherds with 3 luminescence methods each and closely associated 14C dates. The reasons for disagreement between methods remain unclear, but Andean sediments with low and unstable luminescence sensitivity seem to be an important factor. Even though some luminescence ages are accurate, the clear trend of inconsistent results leads us to recommend that archaeologists use 14C rather than luminescence dates to build cultural chronologies.Peer reviewe

Konkreettisia tekoja yliopistonlehtoreiden urapolun kehittämiseksi

Seitsemän humanistisen tiedekunnan professoria otti ansiokkaasti kantaa Helsingin yliopiston omaan sovellukseen vakinaistamispolkujärjestelmästä (”Urapolun ongelmat suomalaisissa yliopistoissa”, Tieteessä tapahtuu 6/2018). Kirjoittajat osoittavat ne moninaiset ongelmat, jotka ovat seurausta siitä, että Yhdysvalloista omaksuttua tenure track -järjestelmää ei ole kyetty mielekkäällä tavalla nivomaan aiempiin, olemassa oleviin rakenteisiin. Jatkamme keskustelua yhdestä kirjoituksessa esille nostetusta kipukohdasta, eli yliopistonlehtorien asemasta

South American archaeology at the University of Helsinki in 1984–2023

South American archaeology became one of the focus areas of the Department of Archaeology of the University of Helsinki in the 1980s. Martti Pärssinen, then of the University of Turku, first contacted professor Ari Siiriäinen during that time, and these two developed a close partnership that resulted in four major archaeological-historical research projects in the Bolivian Andes and one in the Bolivian Amazon. Several students of archaeology took part in these projects, some of them (Antti Korpisaari, Sanna Saunaluoma, and Risto Kesseli) gradually developing into specialists in South American archaeology. From 1999, when Pärssinen became the first professor of Latin American Studies at the University of Helsinki, until the retirement of Siiriäinen in 2003 (and his premature death in 2004), South American archaeology was arguably at its strongest at the University of Helsinki. Since those years, the institutional home of this research in Helsinki has shifted to Latin American Studies, under the auspices of which archaeological research in Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile has continued to prosper. Considering the small number of researchers and the relatively meagre funding, Finnish archaeological research in South America has produced remarkable results. Two of its most important achievements are the discovery of the ceremonial ceramic destruction deposits of Pariti Island, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, which contained some of the finest pre-Columbian pottery ever found in the Andean highlands, and the scientific discovery and long-term, multidisciplinary study of the ancient geoglyph-building society of western Amazonia in the state of Acre, Brazil

Kuolema Bolivian ylätasangolla : haudat ja Tiwanaku-yhteiskunta

My Ph.D. dissertation presents a multi-disciplinary analysis of the mortuary practices of the Tiwanaku culture of the Bolivian high plateau, situated at an altitude of c. 3800 m above sea level. The Tiwanaku State (c. AD 500-1150) was one of the most important pre-Inca civilisations of the South Central Andes. The book begins with a brief introductory chapter. In chapter 2 I discuss methodological and theoretical developments in archaeological mortuary studies from the late 1960s until the turn of the millennium. I am especially interested in the issue how archaeological burial data can be used to draw inferences on the social structure of prehistoric societies. Chapter 3 deals with the early historic sources written in the 16th and 17th centuries, following the Spanish Conquest of the Incas. In particular, I review information on how the Incas manifested status differences between and within social classes and what kinds of burial treatments they applied. In chapter 4 I compare the Inca case with 20th century ethnographic data on the Aymara Indians of the Bolivian high plateau. Even if Christianity has affected virtually every level of Aymara religion, surprisingly many traditional features can still be observed in present day Aymara mortuary ceremonies. The archaeological part of my book begins with chapter 5, which is an introduction into Tiwanaku archaeology. In the next chapter, I present an overview of previously reported Tiwanaku cemeteries and burials. Chapter 7 deals with my own excavations at the Late Tiwanaku/early post-Tiwanaku cemetery site of Tiraska, located on the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca. During the 1998, 2002, and 2003 field seasons, a total of 32 burials were investigated at Tiraska. The great majority of these were subterranean stone-lined tombs, each containing the skeletal remains of 1 individual and 1-2 ceramic vessels. Nine burials have been radiocarbon dated, the dates in question indicating that the cemetery was in use from the 10th until the 13th century AD. In chapter 8 I point out that considerable regional and/or ethnic differences can be noted between studied Tiwanaku cemetery sites. Because of the mentioned differences, and a general lack of securely dated burial contexts, I feel that at present we can do no better than to classify most studied Tiwanaku burials into three broad categories: (1) elite and/or priests, (2) "commoners", and (3) sacrificial victims and/or slaves and/or prisoners of war. On the basis of such indicators as monumental architecture and occupational specialisation we would expect to find considerable status-related differences in tomb size, grave goods, etc. among the Tiwanaku. Interestingly, however, such variation is rather modest, and the Tiwanaku seem to have been a lot less interested in expending considerable labour and resources in burial facilities than their pre-Columbian contemporaries of many parts of the Central Andes.Väitöskirjani "Kuolema Bolivian ylätasangolla: haudat ja Tiwanaku-yhteiskunta" perustuu vuodesta 1998 Bolivian Andeilla, n. 3800 m korkeudessa mpy suorittamieni arkeologisten tutkimusten tuloksiin sekä arkeologiseen, historialliseen ja etnografiseen lähdekirjallisuuteen. Keskityn ns. Tiwanaku-kulttuuriin, joka kehittyi Titicacajärven eteläpuolella ajanlaskumme alkua seuranneina vuosisatoina ja vaikutti vuosina 500-1150 jKr. merkittävästi Keski-Andien kulttuurikehitykseen. Monet Tiwanaku-kulttuurin saavutukset auttoivat sittemmin inkoja luomaan kuuluisan valtionsa. Lyhyttä johdantolukua seuraavassa kirjani ensimmäisessä varsinaisessa luvussa esitän yhteenvedon arkeologisen hautaustutkimuksen teoreettisista perusteista 1960-luvun loppupuolelta vuosituhannen vaihteeseen ja siitä miten arkeologista hauta-aineistoa voidaan käyttää apuna tulkittaessa esihistoriallisten yhteisöjen yhteiskuntarakennetta. Luku 3 keskittyy Andien espanjalaisvalloituksen jälkeen kirjoitettuihin varhaishistoriallisiin lähteisiin, joiden valossa pohdin inkayhteiskunnan hierarkkisuutta sekä esittelen inka-aikaisia hautaustapoja. Luvussa 4 tutustutan lukijani Bolivian ylätasankoa nykyisellään asuttavien aimara-intiaanien alkuperäiselementtejä ja katolisia vaikutteita yhdisteleviin hautajaismenoihin. Teokseni luvut 5-8 on omistettu arkeologiselle analyysille. Esitän ensin yleiskatsauksen Tiwanaku-arkeologiaan ja vedän sitten yhteen aiemmat tutkimukset Tiwanaku-hautaustapojen suhteen. Luvussa 7 esittelen omia tutkimuksiani Tiraska-nimisessä myöhäiseen Tiwanaku-vaiheeseen (n. 900-1200 jKr.) ajoittuvassa kalmistossa Titicacajärven rannalla. Vuosina 1998, 2002 ja 2003 kaivoin Tiraskassa 32 maansisäistä hautaa, joista suurin osa oli kivin vuorattuja ja sisälsi yhden vainajan luujäänteet sekä 1-2 saviastiaa. Luvussa 8 esitän johtopäätökseni Tiwanaku-hautaustavoista ja näiden piirtämästä kuvasta Tiwanaku-yhteiskuntarakenteen suhteen. Mielenkiintoisimpana tutkimustuloksenani voidaan pitää sitä että vaikka monet perinteisesti luotettavat arkeologiset indikaattorit kuten monumentaaliarkkitehtuuri ja erikoistunut taide-esineiden valmistus viittaavat Tiwanaku-yhteiskunnan hierarkkisuuteen, haudoissa tämä eriarvoisuus näkyy melko heikosti

Machu Picchu, a Royal Estate of the Inca Ruler Pachacuti

Located in the lower Urubamba Valley of Peru, Machu Picchu is one of the most emblematic archaeological sites of the Americas. It has come to symbolize the Inca Empire, which originated in Cuzco, in the south Peruvian highlands. In the 15th and early 16th centuries AD, the Incas rapidly conquered huge areas, before they succumbed to the Spaniards in the 1530s. Not long after Machu Picchu’s scientific discovery in 1911, rather fanciful interpretations regarding the ancient nature and function of this “lost city of the Incas” began to circulate. Since the 1980s, however, ethnohistorical and archaeological knowledge regarding the site has increased considerably. Scholars now agree: Machu Picchu was no typical Inca settlement, but, rather, a private royal estate of the emperor Pachacuti, probably built around the mid‑fifteenth century AD.Situé dans la basse vallée péruvienne de l’Urubamba, Machu Picchu est l’un des sites archéologiques les plus emblématiques des Amériques. Il est devenu le symbole de l’Empire inca né au Cuzco sur les hauts plateaux méridionaux du Pérou. Au cours du xve et au début du xvie siècle, les Incas ont rapidement conquis de vastes espaces avant de disparaître face aux Espagnols au cours des années 1530. Peu après la découverte scientifique de Machu Picchu en 1911, les hypothèses les plus fantaisistes ont commencé à circuler sur la nature et la fonction de cette « cité perdue des Incas ». Néanmoins, depuis les années 1980, la connaissance archéologique et ethnohistorique du site s’est considérablement accrue. Les chercheurs s’accordent maintenant sur le fait que Machu Picchu n’était pas un établissement inca typique mais plutôt un domaine royal personnel de l’empereur Pachacuti et qu’il daterait probablement du milieu du xve siècle

La cerámica Tiwanaku de la isla Pariti como recipiente: Performances y narrativas

La ofrenda cerámica Tiwanaku de la isla Pariti (lago Titicaca), exhumada y reconstruida entre los años 2004 y 2006, es la colección más impor-tante de cerámica entera contextualizada de la arqueología de Tiwanaku. Sus características de recuperación y su variedad morfológica e iconográfica permiten un estudio mixto, que enfatiza el rol de los distintos recipientes cerámicos en la ceremonia comensalista, y los significados de los motivos y colores decorativos. El estudio de estos elementos y de la ubicación de las piezas al interior de los rasgos votivos, sugiere que el conjunto de Pariti es un sistema ordenado según contenidos narrativos, que permitía a los participantes posicionarse respecto a otros colectivos sociales humanos y no humanos mediante la performance social. Finalmente, planteamos un enfoque alternativo en la interpretación de la variedad cerámica de Tiwanaku, que se aleja de la visión dominante en la que ésta es vista como correlato directo de etnicidad y/o posición social, para centrarse en el rol de la performance de los objetos y la lectura de contenidos iconográficos como generadores de identidades.Palabras claves: Andes Centro-Sur - Pariti - Horizonte Medio - cerámica - iconografía - performance