Description of Complex Systems in terms of Self-Organization Processes of Prime Integer Relations

In the paper we present a description of complex systems in terms of self-organization processes of prime integer relations. A prime integer relation is an indivisible element made up of integers as the basic constituents following a single organizing principle. The prime integer relations control correlation structures of complex systems and may describe complex systems in a strong scale covariant form. It is possible to geometrize the prime integer relations as two-dimensional patterns and isomorphically express the self-organization processes through transformations of the geometric patterns. As a result, prime integer relations can be measured by corresponding geometric patterns specifying the dynamics of complex systems. Determined by arithmetic only, the self-organization processes of prime integer relations can describe complex systems by information not requiring further explanations. This gives the possibility to develop an irreducible theory of complex systems.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, index corrected, minor changes mainly of stylistic characte

On a New Type of Information Processing for Efficient Management of Complex Systems

It is a challenge to manage complex systems efficiently without confronting NP-hard problems. To address the situation we suggest to use self-organization processes of prime integer relations for information processing. Self-organization processes of prime integer relations define correlation structures of a complex system and can be equivalently represented by transformations of two-dimensional geometrical patterns determining the dynamics of the system and revealing its structural complexity. Computational experiments raise the possibility of an optimality condition of complex systems presenting the structural complexity of a system as a key to its optimization. From this perspective the optimization of a system could be all about the control of the structural complexity of the system to make it consistent with the structural complexity of the problem. The experiments also indicate that the performance of a complex system may behave as a concave function of the structural complexity. Therefore, once the structural complexity could be controlled as a single entity, the optimization of a complex system would be potentially reduced to a one-dimensional concave optimization irrespective of the number of variables involved its description. This might open a way to a new type of information processing for efficient management of complex systems.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, to be presented at the International Conference on Complex Systems, Boston, October 28 - November 2, 200

From Space and Time to a Deeper Reality as a Possible Way to Solve Global Problems

To deal with global problems we suggest to consider complex systems not in space and time, but in a possible deeper reality, i.e., the hierarchical network of prime integer relations. Encoded by arithmetic through the self-organization processes the hierarchical network appears as the mathematical structure of one harmonious and interconnected whole. Remarkably, the holistic nature of the hierarchical network allows to formulate a single universal objective of a complex system defined in terms of the integration principle. We propose that by the realization of the integration principle the Earth system could be transformed to become an integrated part of a larger system with more capacity and energy to sustain life. Significantly, based on integers and controlled by arithmetic only the hierarchical network has a unique potential to provide an irreducible common ground fully trusted by different parties and helping to reveal a higher collective purpose.Comment: 5 pages, to be presented at the Eighth International Conference on Complex Systems, Boston, June 26 - July 1, 201

On an Irreducible Theory of Complex Systems

In the paper we present results to develop an irreducible theory of complex systems in terms of self-organization processes of prime integer relations. Based on the integers and controlled by arithmetic only the self-organization processes can describe complex systems by information not requiring further explanations. Important properties of the description are revealed. It points to a special type of correlations that do not depend on the distances between parts, local times and physical signals and thus proposes a perspective on quantum entanglement. Through a concept of structural complexity the description also computationally suggests the possibility of a general optimality condition of complex systems. The computational experiments indicate that the performance of a complex system may behave as a concave function of the structural complexity. A connection between the optimality condition and the majorization principle in quantum algorithms is identified. A global symmetry of complex systems belonging to the system as a whole, but not necessarily applying to its embedded parts is presented. As arithmetic fully determines the breaking of the global symmetry, there is no further need to explain why the resulting gauge forces exist the way they do and not even slightly different.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, typos are corrected, some changes and additions are mad

Crowdsourcing Fungal Biodiversity : Revision of Inaturalist Observations in Northwestern Siberia

The paper presents the first analysis of crowdsourcing data of all observations of fungi (including lichens) and myxomycetes in Northwestern Siberia uploaded to iNaturalist.org to date (24.02.2022). The Introduction presents an analysis of fungal diversity crowdsourcing globally, in Russia, and in the region of interest. Materials and methods describe the protocol of uploading data to iNaturalist.org, the structure of the crowdsourcing community. initiative to revise the accumulated data. procedures of data analysis, and compilation of a dataset of revised crowdsourced data. The Results present the analysis of accumulated data by several parameters: temporal, geographical and taxonomical scope, observation and identification efforts, identifiability of various taxa, species novelty and Red Data Book categories and the protection status of registered observations. The Discussion provides data on usability of crowdsourcing data for biodiversity research and conservation of fungi, including pros and contras. The Electronic Supplements to the paper include an annotated checklist of observations of protected species with information on Red Data Book categories and the protection status, and an annotated checklist of regional records of new taxa. The paper is supplemented with a dataset of about 15 000 revised and annotated records available through Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The tradition of crowdsourcing is rooted in mycological societies around the world, including Russia. In Northwestern Siberia, a regional mycological club was established in 2018, encouraging its members to contribute observations of fungi on iNaturalist.org. A total of about 15 000 observations of fungi and myxomycetes were uploaded so far, by about 200 observers, from three administrative regions (Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Tyumen Region). The geographical coverage of crowdsourcing observations remains low. However. the observation activity has increased in the last four years. The goal of this study consisted of a collaborative effort of professional mycologists invited to help with the identification of these observations and analysis of the accumulated data. As a result, all observations were reviewed by at least one expert. About half of all the observations have been identified reliably to the species level and received Research Grade status. Of those, 90 species (195 records) represented records of taxa new to their respective regions: 876 records of 53 species of protected species provide important data for conservation programmes. The other half of the observations consists of records still under-identified for various reasons: poor quality photographs, complex taxa (impossible to identify without microscopic or molecular study). or lack of experts in a particular taxonomic group. The Discussion section summarises the pros and cons of the use of crowdsourcing for the study and conservation of regional fungal diversity, and summarises the dispute on this subject among mycologists. Further research initiatives involving crowdsourcing data must focus on an increase in the quality of observations and strive to introduce the habit of collecting voucher specimens among the community of amateurs. The timely feedback from experts is also important to provide quality and the increase of personal involvement.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

On basic principles of intelligent systems design

In the paper we present results of computational experiments to suggest the possibility of a general optimality condition of complex systems: a system demonstrates the optimal performance for a problem, when the structural complexity of the system is in a certain relationship with the structural complexity of the problem. The optimality condition could be used as a basic principle in the design of intelligent systems optimizing their performance in the dynamic environment