LONGITUDINAL BEHAVIOUR OF RAIL EMBEDDED IN ELASTIC MATERIAL

The longitudinal behaviour of a rail embedded in elastic material is different from that laid on ballast track, studied in the professional literature. The longitudinal coefficient of elasticity of the built in elastic embedding material could be determined unambiguously only by testing. On that basis the dilatation behaviour of a rail can be represented by a discrete model allowing to determine the internal forces raised in the rail and the displacement of its cross sections as well as the length of the moving section

EIN NEUES MODELL FÜR DIE BESTIMMUNGEN DER GEOMETRISCHEN MASSTOLERANZEN IM EISENBAHNOBERBAU

The movement of a railway vehicle is the most often replaced by the movement of its centre of mass. This results determining the tolerance of geometrical distortions of a railway track with a high grade of inaccuracy, which is not permissible. In order to evaluate exactly the vehicle movement on the one hand the vehicle must be interpreted as a system of points on the other hand, a natural triedron must be determined which follows the real movement of the vehicle so that its eigenvectors point always toward the geometrical axes of the railway carriage. The movement of a railway vehicle in the irregular track can be determined by simulation and it can be evaluated by mathematical models. In this way the tolerance of distortion values respecting to up-to-date theorems can be determined on the basis of reality simulating movement characteristics

Solutions of Omitting Rail Expansion Joints in Case of Steel Railway Bridges with Wooden Sleepers

The Technical Specifications of D.12/H. of Hungarian State Railways (MÁV) specifies that a continuously welded rail (CWR) track can be constructed through a bridge without being interrupted if the expansion length of the bridge is not longer than 40 m. If the expansion length of a bridge is greater than 40 m, the continuously welded rail should normally be interrupted; a rail expansion joint has to be constructed. The goal of this research is to provide technical solutions of track structures on bridges so a continuously welded rail can be constructed through the bridge from an earthwork without interruption, so rail expansion joints can be omitted

Evangélikus Templomépítészeti és Egyházművészeti Kutatások - Kelet - Magyarország = Researches on the History of Art and Architecture of Hungary's Lutheran Churches - Eastern Hungary

A kutatás Kelet-Magyarország evangélikus templomainak felmérését tűzte ki célul. 2004-ben szervezési okok miatt először Budapest néhány evangélikus templomával (12 emlék) kezdtük, majd 2005-ben a békési, illetve egyes csongrádi és szolnok megyei templomok felmérésével folytattuk (összesen 38 épület). 2006-ban Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén és Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megye összesen 30 templomát dolgoztuk fel. A felmérés eredményeit adattárban rögzítettük. Az előzetes elemzés során megállapítható, hogy a terület evangélikus templomépítészete karakterében heterogén: jelentős és művészi értékekben gazdag egyedi városi templomok (Békéscsaba, Miskolc, Nyíregyháza, Orosháza, Szarvas Ó- és Újtemplom) mellett az egykori mezővárosok, falvak templomépítészete is rendkívül formagazdag. A városi templomok térszervezési sajátosságai az európai protestáns hagyományokat, a hugenotta templomépítészetből származtatott elveket követik. A keleti régió templomai között számos XIX. századi és XX. század eleji alkotás található, amelyek a historizáló és modern hazai evangélikus templomépítészet jelentős példái. Az egykori ipar- és bányatelepek számára is jelentős emlékek épültek. A felmérések során közel 500 felmérési vázlat, 300 tervrajz és 6000 fotó készült. A felmérések teljes mélységű feldolgozását a hamarosan befejeződő program lezárásával, az ország összes templomának felmérése után tervezzük. A kutatás befejezéséhez a központi régió (a főváros és Pest megye) felmérését kell elvégezni. | The research aimed to record and analyse the Lutheran churches of Eastern Hungary. The project first focused on some of the Lutheran churches of Budapest (12 churches) in 2004, then in the following year 38 churches of Békés, Csongrád and Heves county and in 2006 30 churches of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg counties have been recorded and analysed. The results are collected in a database manuscript. By the preliminary analysis it can be ascertained that the Lutheran churches of the researched area are quite heterogenous in character: there are important and unique town churches rich in artistis values (Békéscsaba, Miskolc, Nyíregyháza, Orosháza, Szarvas) but the churches of the former market-towns and villages have also a rich variety of architectural forms. The spatial layout of the town churches follow the protestant traditions in Europe, especially the principles derived from Huguenot church architecture. There are also important lutheran churches of the 19. and 20. centuries representing Historicism and the Modern Movement. The churches built for the former industrial and mining villages are also of big importance. The surveys resulted about 500 measuring skethes, 300 architectural plans and about 6000 photos. The full analysis will be elaborated after the coming end of the programme by recording and measuring all the Lutheran churches of Hungary

Efficacy of selective NCX inhibition by ORM-10103 during simulated ischemia/reperfusion.

In this study we evaluated the effects of selective Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibition by ORM-10103 on the [Ca2+]i transient (CaT), action potential (AP), and cell viability in isolated canine ventricular cardiomyocytes exposed to a simulated ischemia/reperfusion protocol performed either alone (modeling moderate low-flow ischemia) or with simultaneous strophantidine challenge (modeling more severe low-flow ischemia). CaTs were monitored using a Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, APs were recorded by intracellular microelectrodes, and anaerobic shifts in cellular metabolism were verified via monitoring native NADH fluorescence. Simulated ischemia increased the NADH fluorescence, reduced the amplitudes of the AP and CaT and induced membrane depolarization. APs moderately shortened, CaTs prolonged. Diastolic [Ca2+]i ([Ca2+]iD) level increased significantly during ischemia and further elevated following strophantidine application. Reperfusion normalized the NADH level, the amplitude of the AP and duration of the [Ca2+]i transient, but only partially restored action potential triangulation and the amplitude of the CaT. [Ca2+]iD decreased in untreated, but further increased in strophantidine-treated cells. 10microM ORM-10103 significantly reduced the ischemic [Ca2+]i raise in both untreated and strophantidine-treated cells. During reperfusion ORM-10103 decreased [Ca2+]i and eliminated its diastolic elevation in untreated and strophantidine-treated cardiomyocytes. Following the application of ORM-10103 the detrimental effect of ischemia/reperfusion on cell viability and the reperfusion-induced increase in AP and CaT variabilities were substantially reduced, but ischemia-induced shifts in AP morphology were barely influenced. In conclusion, selective NCX inhibition by ORM-10103 is highly effective against ischemia/reperfusion induced pathologic alterations in [Ca2+]i homeostasis, however, it fails to normalize untoward arrhythmogenic changes in AP morphology