Effects of Demographics on the Relationship between Optimism and Work Engagement among Employees of State Agencies in Kenya

Organizations desire highly engaged employees for higher productivity. Both personal and organizational factors drive work engagement. Work engagement in the public sector is low globally. In a survey of 389 managerial employees in 32 state agencies in Kenya, the study explored whether optimism and demographic factors influence the level of work engagement.325 returned questionnaires were analyzed to derive descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 21. The reliability and the validity of the questionnaire items were checked. Work engagement levels was high (mean 4.14), Optimism was moderate (mean 3.44).Work engagement positively and significantly correlated with optimism (r=0.257, p< 0.01).Age positively and significantly correlated with work engagement (r=0.153, p<0.01).Optimism and demographics predicted 6.6% and 3.5% of work engagement respectively. The study demonstrated evidence that optimism influence work engagement more than demographic factors. Employees can exhibit high levels of work engagement when they are psychologically positive about their future. Keywords: Optimism, Work engagement, Positive organizational behaviour, Public sector

Frequency and Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Slaughter House Workers in Nairobi County

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders describe a wide range of inflammatory and degenerative disorders and diseases such as metacarpal syndrome, tenosynovitis, tendonitis, fasciitis, epicondilytis, shoulder impingement syndrome among others, resulting in pain and functional impairment. The main objective of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for the occurrence of work related muscular disorders among slaughter house workers in Nairobi County. The study adopted a cross sectional descriptive design. Cluster sampling was used to select a sample of 155 workers from the selected slaughter houses within Nairobi County. Oral interviews, questionnaires and observational methods were used to collect both qualitative and quantitative which was analysed using SPSS version 20. Data was analysed using chi square test for association. The study results showed that majority of the workers (82.4% n=128) experienced pain in one or more parts of the body. Frequency of neck pain stood at 15% (19), wrist and hand pain at 29.6% (38), shoulder pain at 51% (65), hips and thigh pain at 2% (3). Risk factors were identified as lack of breaks during working hours, working for long hours, working posture and change of duty after sick off. There is a high prevalence of work related musculoskeletal pain associated with development of musculoskeletal disorders among slaughter house workers in Nairobi County. The slaughter houses management should restrict the number of working hours to 8 hours in any working day. Key words: Risk Factors, Occurrence, prevalence, Nairobi County, pain, slaughter house, MSD

Occurrence of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins Contamination in Herbal Medicinal Products Sold in Nairobi, Kenya

Aflatoxins and fumonisins are referred to as Mycotoxins. They are secondary metabolites of some moulds which are highly toxic, mutagenic or teratogenic compounds. These substances are not formed by all mould species but are characteristic of their producers. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Aflatoxin and Fumonisins contamination in herbal medicinal products sold in Nairobi Kenya. The study was undertaken in Nairobi, the capital and largest city in Kenya. Nairobi has several herbal clinics, especially in densely populated areas. This study employed an exploratory as well as laboratory-based experimental design to sample 138 herbal medicinal products. The sample were in different preparations, which included liquids, powders, capsules, creams/lotions, and syrups. Screening of the presence of aflatoxins and fumonisins were done using Envirologix Quick ToxTM Kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. Fumonisins and aflatoxins concentration in parts per billion (ppb) was analyzed statistically using Pearson Chi square test at 95% confidence interval. Contaminations were presented in form of frequencies and percentages. Aflatoxins were detected in 74(53.6%) samples while fumonisins were detected in 75(54.3%). Four (11.8%) samples from herbal clinics and 3(4.1%) from street vendors in form of powders and liquids had aflatoxins levels above 4.0ppb. Nine (26.5%) samples from herbal clinics, 10(13.5%) from streets vendors/hawkers and two (10.5%) from the supermarkets in form of powders and liquids had fumonisins levels above 4.0ppb. There was no significant association (c2 test; p>0.05) between detection of fungi from an herbal product and the occurrence of mycotoxins. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus isolated in this study were associated with occurrence of aflatoxins while the Fusarium isolated were responsible for the presence of fumonisins among the herbal products. We conclude that herbal products investigated were contaminated with fumonisins and aflatoxins in varying degrees. Some were contaminated beyond the accepted limits. There were many genera of molds isolated in this study, which are associated with mycotoxins production, but the current study only focused on aflatoxins and fumonisins and therefore other mycotoxins should be investigated so as to ensure overall fungi toxins safety among the herbal products. Key words: aflatoxin, fumonisins, contamination, herbal medicinal products, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Nairobi

Risk of Fungi Associated with Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in Medicinal Herbal Products in the Kenyan Market

Utilization of herbal products is a major concern due to the possibility of contamination by toxigenic fungi that are mycotoxin producers such as Aspergillus species during processing and packaging. Research was carried out to determine the presence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in herbal medicinal products sold in Eldoret and Mombasa towns in Kenya. The study employed both exploratory and laboratory experimental design. The herbal products were purchased from the market and transported to Kenya Medical Research Institute for processing and analysis. Fungal contaminants were determined according to Pharmacopoeia specifications. The toxins were quantified using ELISA based technique. The genus Aspergillus was the most dominant followed by Penicillium. Fungal counts ranged between 1 CFU/g and >1000 cfu/g. Analysis of variance showed that the rate of fungal contaminants for Eldoret and Mombasa samples had significant association (p≤0.001). Aflatoxin levels ranged from 1 to 24 ppb, while fumonisin levels ranged from 1 to >20 ppb. Only 31% of samples met the standards for microbial limits as specified in Pharmacopoeia. There is need for product microbial quality improvement through proper harvesting, processing, storage, and marketing. It is recommended that a policy be enacted to enable regulation of herbal products in Kenya

Comparative performance of bone char-based filters for the removal of fluoride from drinking water

There is a great need for effective, reliable and inexpensive filters for the removal of fluoride for the millions of people affected in low and middle-income countries. This paper compares field and laboratory performance of bone char (BC) filters and filters, known as contact precipitation (CP), based on a combination of bone char and calcium-phosphate pellets

Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of selected medicinal plants found in Nandi County, Kenya

Background: Medicinal plants are widely used by the local people to treat various human diseases cause by drug resistant microorganisms. For instance, Kigelia Africana fruits and barks are boiled in water and taken orally as a laxative in treating stomach ailments, Ekebergia capensis bark is boiled in water and use for the control of gonorrhea and tuberculosis while Fagaropsis angolensis stem bark is used to treat pneumonia, back ache and joins. The efficacy and safety of most of these plants has not been determined. Objective: The present study seeks to determine antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity of the selected medicinal plants indicated above, that are commonly used to treat infectious diseases. Materials and Methods: Fresh plants were collected from the field; air dried ground and extracted using acetone and water. The extracts were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities using Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysentriae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum gypseum and Trychophyton mentagrophytes. The methods were disc diffusion and broth dilution methods while in vitro cytotoxicity test was carried out following a modified rapid calorimetric assay, using actively dividing sub-confluent Vero E6 cells. Results: In disc diffusion assay, water extracts of E. capensis were the most active (14.7 mm) while those of Fagaropsis angolensis were the least (6.0 mm) against S. aureus. Acetone extracts of E. capensis and K. Africana had a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml respectively and were bactericidal. Cytotoxicity showed that K. africana was not cytotoxic against Vero cell lines while acetone extracts of E. capensis was moderately toxic with a CC 50(µg/ml) of 12.5. Conclusion: These results support the use of the plants in the traditional medicine as antimicrobials and they can be exploited for novel drugs. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, Kigelia africana, Ekebergia capensis, Fagaropsis angolensi

Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for resistance to Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) disease in the dry highlands of Kenya

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an edible legume grown widely for its nutritious seed, which is rich in protein, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibre. It’s a new crop in Kenya whose potential has not been utilized fully due to abiotic and biotic stresses that limit its productivity. The crop is affected mainly by Ascochyta blight (AB) which is widespread in cool dry highlands causing up to 100% yield loss. The objective of this study was to evalu- ate the resistance of selected chickpea genotypes to AB in dry highlands of Kenya. The study was done in 2 sites (Egerton University-Njoro) and Agricultural Training centre-ATC-Koibatek) for one season during long rains of 2010/2011 growing season. Thirty six genotypes from reference sets and mini-core samples introduced from ICR- SAT were evaluated. There were significant (P<0.001) differences in AB responses and grain yield performance in test genotypes in both sites. AB was more severe at Egerton-Njoro (mean score 5.7) than ATC-Koibatek (mean score 4.25), with subsequent low grain yield. Genotypes ICC7052, ICC4463, ICC4363, ICC2884, ICC7150, ICC15294 and ICC11627 had both highest grain yield in decreasing order (mean range 1790-1053 Kg ha-1) and best resist- ance to AB. Further evaluation is needed in other multi-locations and their use in breeding program determined especially because of their undesirable black seed color. Commercial varieties (LDT068, LDT065, Chania desi 1, and Saina K1) were all susceptible to AB, but with grain yield >1200 Kg ha-1. The findings of the study showed that chickpea should be sown during the short rains (summer) in the dry highlands of Kenya when conditions are drier and warmer and less favorable for AB infection. However yield could be increased by shifting the sowing date from dry season to long rain (winter) thus avoiding terminal drought if AB resistant cultivars with acceptable agronomic traits could be identified

Diversity analysis of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm using the CottonSNP63K Array

Cotton germplasm resources contain beneficial alleles that can be exploited to develop germplasm adapted to emerging environmental and climate conditions. Accessions and lines have traditionally been characterized based on phenotypes, but phenotypic profiles are limited by the cost, time, and space required to make visual observations and measurements. With advances in molecular genetic methods, genotypic profiles are increasingly able to identify differences among accessions due to the larger number of genetic markers that can be measured. A combination of both methods would greatly enhance our ability to characterize germplasm resources. Recent efforts have culminated in the identification of sufficient SNP markers to establish high-throughput genotyping systems, such as the CottonSNP63K array, which enables a researcher to efficiently analyze large numbers of SNP markers and obtain highly repeatable results. In the current investigation, we have utilized the SNP array for analyzing genetic diversity primarily among cotton cultivars, making comparisons to SSR-based phylogenetic analyses, and identifying loci associated with seed nutritional traits. (Résumé d'auteur

Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action

Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or “golden rules,” for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice