THE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON THE GLACIERS OF GEORGIA

The article reviews the changes of the glacier basins characteristics of Georgia glaciers due to the current climate change. Calculations show significant decrease of the area and number of the glaciers in Georgia over the last 50 years. This reduction is more intensive in eastern Georgia in comparison with the western part of the country. At the same time, some large glaciers complete melting dates are determined according to one of the basic scenarios of current climate change, namely the business as usual. Based on the calculations it is concluded that viewed large glaciers complete melting is not expected within this century even in this worst conditions scenario.The article reviews the changes of the glacier basins characteristics of Georgia glaciers due to the current climate change. Calculations show significant decrease of the area and number of the glaciers in Georgia over the last 50 years. This reduction is more intensive in eastern Georgia in comparison with the western part of the country. At the same time, some large glaciers complete melting dates are determined according to one of the basic scenarios of current climate change, namely the business as usual. Based on the calculations it is concluded that viewed large glaciers complete melting is not expected within this century even in this worst conditions scenario

Robust parameter estimation in logistic regression model

This paper presents robust M-estimates based on the influence function approach for the multiple logistic regression model. Under the assumption that the sequence of distributions corresponding to the contaminated models is contiguous to the pure model, the asymptotic normality of these estimators is determined. The optimal influence function is found as the analytical solution of the minimax problem, that is by minimizing the mean-squared deviance for worst-case contamination. A numerical implementation is given with the performance of the proposed robust estimators evaluated both in a simulation study and with two real datasets.13 page(s

River Terek Glacial Basin Degradation Dynamics on the Background of Current Climate Change

In Georgia, on the ridge of the Greater Caucasus, there are well-developed, rather high glaciers. The study of glaciers has gained more importance since the second half of the twentieth century due to the negative impact of current climate change, which has led to significant and rapid degradation of glaciers, exacerbating natural disasters of glacial origin. Due to the degradation of glaciers in the country, a change in the water balance and degradation of landscapes, an increase in the level of the Black Sea, and the growth of the natural disasters frequency and intensity of glacial origin are having a place. This poses a serious threat to the sustainable development of the country and, therefore, the study of glaciers has become a priority in the research program of Georgia. Using satellite remote sensing, GIS technologies, glacial catalogue, field ground observations and expert knowledge, the negative impact of modern climate change was revealed and, as a consequence, the dynamics of degradation of glaciers in the glacial basins of East Georgia was studied in detail. In this article, the dynamics of the degradation of glaciers in the glacial basins of River Terek is overviewed. For this purpose, a comparison is made of the state of glaciers (area and number) for three time periods. The initial state is taken to be the state of glaciers in this basin at the time of the finish of the glaciers researches (1960). The data gathered were published in several editions of the glacier catalogue. Subsequent states - middle (2015) and final (2020) are determined using high-resolution satellites. Technological and methodological research proved to be effective for studying the dynamics of glacier degradation based on innovative high-resolution satellite remote sensing since the best practices were used in conjunction with the methods developed by the authors. A comparison of these conditions showed that the area and number of glaciers are greatly decreasing due to climate change. It should be noted that the dynamics of glacier degradation is nonlinear, which makes the melting of glaciers in the second period more intense than in the first. This conclusion also confirms one of the main theses of the 6th IPCC report that the main problem is not climate change, but its speed

Stan powietrza w Gruzji i metody jego ochrony przed tlenkami azotu

In order to achieve a planned objective, the following aspects are considered in the work: the basic sources of ambient air pollution in Georgia; dynamics of the emissions of harmful substances in the air from various economic sectors; ambient air quality monitoring system in Georgia; qualitative conditio of ambient air of Georgia; characteristic of some natural zeolites of sedimentary origins of Georgia and a possibility of their application for the purification of industrial emissions.W pracy uwzględniono następujące problemy i główne źródła zanieczyszczenia powietrza w Gruzji. Są to: dynamika emisji szkodliwych substancji do powietrza z różnych sektorów gospodarki, system monitoringu jakości powietrza, stan jakości powietrza, charakterystyka naturalnych zeolitów gruzińskich i możliwości ich wykorzystania do pochłaniania zanieczyszczeń emitowanych z przemysłu

Satellite remote sensing outputs of the certain glaciers on the territory of East Georgia

The variations in glaciers are the important indicators of regional climate change. The glaciers play an important role in the regulation of water balance. In the conditions of global warming they recede and degrade that is expressed in the related changes in glacier runoff. The research of glacier melting is important for studies of sea/ocean level changes. The Caucasian glacial dimensions (area, volume, length) have been changed over the centuries. The scientific study of glaciers in the Caucasus was started during the first half of 18th century. In the last century the terrestrial observations on glaciers were carried out. Due to the difficulties of organization and conducting of field works the received observational data sets consists from different series of various temporal duration characteristics of glaciers. The data received contain uncertainties. From another hand carrying out of such field works are expensive. With the launch of the Earth’s satellites it was determined that satellite remote sensing is the best technology allowing to receive data with needed regularity in terms of both time and space resolution. Some uncertainties remain in the data as the observational tool is too far away from the Earth’s surface. So, the necessity for the strong quality assessment/quality control (QA/QC) remains. A lot of studies showed that the best method for investigation of glaciers is application of satellite remote sensing combined with terrestrial observations and expert knowledge of separate glaciers

The Climate Change Impact on the Glaciers of Georgia

The article reviews the changes of the glacier basins characteristics of Georgia glaciers due to the current climate change. Calculations show significant decrease of the area and number of the glaciers in Georgia over the last 50 years. This reduction is more intensive in eastern Georgia in comparison with the western part of the country. At the same time, some large glaciers complete melting dates are determined according to one of the basic scenarios of current climate change, namely the business as usual. Based on the calculations it is concluded that viewed large glaciers complete melting is not expected within this century even in this worst conditions scenario

Исследование Кавказских Ледников С Использованием Спутниковой Информации

The main objective of present work is the investigation of glaciers melting including significant ecological risks especial-ly in connection with climate change issues. Long term satellite monitoring objectives toward the climate are: determination of the processes related with climate and glaciers interaction; detection of climate and environmental changes provided through glaciers changes; validation of global and regional climate models, sensitivity studies, climate change scenarios specification, etc. Satellite monitoring of glaciers has the well expressed potential to facilitate measurements that traditionally were per-formed using field techniques or ground based observations in one or several spots. High resolution space borne data allow glacier length change measurements along the entire glacier tongues, and in that way complement or even replace ground-based meas-urements. Using the remote sensing data it can be determined: the ice snow border; glaciers movement speed; the glacier elevation model and area of contours. The final objectives, based on the remote sensing, hydrometeorological network and glaciological observation data are: glacier monitoring technological line improvement and glacier properties determination; river Enguri pilot basin glacier runoff investigation based on determined values: creation of the Caucasian glacier models using the glacier characterizing data and glaci-er development forecast using these models.სამუშაოს მიზანია განხილული და შესწავლილ იქნას მყინვარების დნობა, რაც მნიშვნელოვან ეკოლოგიურ საფრთხეებს მოიცავს განსაკუთრებით კლიმატის ცვლილების პრობლემატიკასთან დაკავშირებით. კერძოდ, კლიმატთან დაკავშირებით მყინვარების გრძელვადიანი მონიტორინგის მიზანია: პროცესების დადგენა, რომლებიც დაკავშირებულია მყინვარებისა და კლიმატის ურთიერთმოქმედებასთან; კლიმატისა და გარემოს მოსალოდნელი ცვლილება, განპირობებული მყინვარების ცვლილებით; კლიმატის გლობალური და რეგიონალური მოდელების ვალიდაცია მყინვარების მონიტორინგის შედეგებით; სენსიტიურობის შესწავლა; კლიმატის ცვლილების სცენარების დაზუსტება და სხვა; მყინვარების თანამგზავრულ მონიტორინგს აქვს ნათლად გამოხატული პოტენციალი იმისა, რომ ემსახუროს იმ საქმეს, რაც ადრე ტრადიციულად წარმოებდა ექსპედიციური გზით, ან მიწისპირა დაკვირვებებით, როგორც წესი ერთ ან რამდენიმე წერტილში. მაღალი გარჩევადობის დისტანციური ზონდირების სივრცითი მონაცემები საშუალებას იძლევა, რათა გაიზომოს მყინვარის სიგრძის ცვლილება მყინვარის მთლიან ენასთან ერთად. ამ გზით შესაძლებელია მიწისპირა დაკვირვებები შეივსოს ან მთლიანად შეიცვალოს დისტანციური ზონდირების ინფორმაციით.Основной целью работы является рассмотрение и исследование таяния ледников, что включает в себе значи-тельные экологические риски, особенно в связи с проблемами изменения климата. Долгосрочными целями спутникового мониторинга ледников относительно климата, являются: определение процессов, которые связаны с взаимодействием между ледниками и климатом; обнаружение изменений климата и окружающей среды, что обеспечивается за счет изме-нении ледников; проверка глобальных и региональных климатических моделей; исследования восприимчивости, опре-деление сценариев изменения климата и т.д. Дистанционное зондирование с помощью спутников применительно к мониторингу ледников имеет хорошо выраже-ный потенциал, способствующий измерениям, которые традиционно проводились с использованием экспедиционных работ или наземными наблюдениями в одной или нескольких точках. Высокое пространственное разрешение спутнико-вых данных позволяет измерять изменения длины ледника, и таким образом, дополнять или даже полностью заменять наземные измерения

Research of snowfields existing in the territory of the autonomous republic of Abkhazia in the last decade under the impact of the current climate change based on satellite remote sensing

შესწავლილია აფხაზეთის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკის თოვლნარები კატალოგის და 2010, 2015 და 2020 წლების თანამგზავრული მონაცემების მიხედვით. სტატიაში წარმოდგენილია თოვლნარებზე დაკვირვების შედეგები, მათი რაოდენობისა და დაკავებული ფართობების ჯამური მნიშვნელობები. გამოტანილია შესაბამისი დასკვნა, რომ კლიმატის მიმდინარე ცვლილების გავლენა თოვლნარების რაოდენობასა და ფართობებზე თვალსაჩინოა. კატალოგის მიხედვით აღრიცხულია 24 თოვლნარი, ხოლო 2020 წლის თანამგზავრული მონაცემებით მათი რაოდენობა 103-მდე გაიზარდა, შესაბამისად გაიზარდა დაკავებული ფართობიც 1.4 კმ2-დან 2.3 კმ2-მდე. ამ დროს 0.1 კმ2 მეტი ფართობის მქონე მცირე, საშუალო და დიდი მყინვარები სწრაფად დეგრადირდებიან, იკლებს მათი რაოდენობა და დაკავებული ფართობები.In the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazias’ glacial basins, snowfield dynamics under the impact of current climate change is studied based on High-resolution satellites data from 2010, 2015 and 2020. The analysis of the snowfields’ dynamics revealed that the impact of current climate change on the number and areas of snowfields is obvious. According to the catalogue, there were 24 snowfields and according to the data of 2020 SRS, their number has increased to 103, and accordingly the occupied area has increased from 1.4 2 to 2.30 to km2. At this time, small and medium-sized glaciers with an area of more than 0.1 km2 rapidly degrade and their number and occupied areas decrease, which automatically leads to an increase in the number and area of snowfields

Перспективы использования спутниковой информации для экологической безопасности Черноморской акватории Грузии

დასმულია ამოცანები, რომელთა გადაწყვეტა აუცილებელია თანამგზავრული ინფორმაციის გამოყენებით შავი ზღვის ზედაპირის ტემპერატურის საიმედო პროგნოსტიკულ მოდელებში გამოსაყენებლად.The ways of solving problems necessary for receining Black Sea surface temperature real data set for using this information in forecasting models by implementation of satellite information are presented.Поставлены задачи , решения которых необходимы для получения надёжных данных о температуре поверхности Чёрного моря по спутниковой информации и дальнейшего использования этих данных в прогностических целях