Phonological Working Memory Limitations and Agrammatism: Is There a Causal Relationship between the Two?

Syntactic processing in sentence comprehension requires some form of Working Memory (WM) resources. However, the nature of the relation between WM and sentence comprehension is controversial. One of the questions is whether WM for language is a single resource, or, alternatively, it consists of different components, each entrusted with a different linguistic function (Caplan & Waters, 1999). The aim of the study is to investigate the nature of the relation between WM and sentence comprehension by comparing sentence comprehension abilities with performance on WM tasks of four Greek-speaking patients with Broca’s aphasia. The experimental hypothesis is that patients with different performance patterns in sentence comprehension will present with different verbal WM capacity

Syntactic predictions and asyntactic comprehension in aphasia: Evidence from scope relations

People with aphasia (PWA) often fail to understand syntactically complex sentences. This phenomenon has been described as asyntactic comprehension and has been explored in various studies cross-linguistically in the past decades. However, until now there has been no consensus among researchers as to the nature of sentence comprehension failures in aphasia. Impaired representations accounts ascribe comprehension deficits to loss of syntactic knowledge, whereas processing/resource reduction accounts assume that PWA are unable to use syntactic knowledge in comprehension due to resource limitation resulting from the brain damage. The aim of this paper is to use independently motivated psycholinguistic models of sentence processing to test a variant of the processing/resource reduction accounts that we dub the Complexity Threshold Hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, PWA are capable of building well-formed syntactic representations, but, because their resources for language processing are limited, their syntactic parser fails when processing complexity exceeds a certain threshold. The source of complexity investigated in the experiments reported in this paper is syntactic prediction. We conducted two experiments involving comprehension of sentences with different types of syntactic dependencies, namely dependencies that do not require syntactic prediction (i.e. unpredictable dependencies in sentences that require Quantifier Raising) and dependencies whose resolution requires syntactic predictions at an early stage of processing based on syntactic cues (i.e. predictable dependencies in movement-derived sentences). In line with the predictions of the Complexity Threshold Hypothesis, the results show that the agrammatic patients that participated in this study had no difficulties comprehending sentences with the former type of dependencies, whereas their comprehension of sentences with the latter type of dependencies was impaired

‘Ik dacht van: ik ga gewoon naar de middelbare school’. Over de betekenis van hulpbronnen in de schoolloopbaan van leerlingen

Dit artikel betreft een longitudinaal, overwegend kwalitatief onderzoek naar de schoolloopbaan van leerlingen. Het gehanteerde onderwijspedagogisch perspectief gaat uit van een visie op de taak van de school en op de hulpbronnen (resources) die bij de ontwikkeling van leerlingen een rol spelen. Uit een databestand van 239 basisschoolleerlingen op de leeftijd van tien jaar zijn drie casus-leerlingen gekozen. Deze leerlingen zijn na de basisschool op drie schooltypen terechtgekomen: vmbo, havo en vwo. Vervolgens zijn zij als jongvolwassenen uitgestroomd naar diverse situaties. Het onderzoeksdesign kan worden getypeerd als een embedded case study waarbij een methode van narrative inquiry wordt gehanteerd. Naast gegevens omtrent de cognitieve ontwikkeling zoals Cito-scores en andere toetsgegevens, zijn gegevens verzameld aan de hand van diepte-interviews met leerlingen, hun ouders en leraren. De leerlingen zijn in drie onderzoeksronden gevolgd gedurende de leeftijdsfase van 10 - 21 jaar. De vraagstelling is: Hoe verloopt de schoolloopbaan van leerlingen van 10-21 jaar, hoe wordt dit verloop door hen ervaren en wat is de betekenis van ‘resources’ in de ontwikkeling van deze leerlingen? Het artikel beschrijft vanuit het perspectief van de leerling hoe schoolloopbanen verlopen. Bij de analyse wordt ingegaan op de betekenis van resources in de schoolloopbaan. Het talent van een leerling - zoals dat tot uitdrukking komt in de prestaties op een reeks objectieve toetsen - lijkt doorslaggevend. Van motivatie en inzet kan een compenserende werking uitgaan. Gezondheid of ziekte speelt soms een cruciale rol in de schoolloopbaan. De betekenis van ouders en leraren wordt vooral zichtbaar op de breukvlakken in de schoolloopbaan. Summary In the last few decades considerable progress has been made in the empirical study of school careers. Somewhat surprisingly perhaps, students themselves have hardly had a voice in the majority of these large scale quantitative studies. This article is an attempt to redress the balance: not only will the students, their parents and their teachers receive a voice, they will also be given ‘a face’. We follow the students on their journeys through educational institutions from the ages of 10 to 21, presenting their learning results as measured by a range of objective tests and placing their stories in the light of a resource theory. Some of the students will be seen advancing smoothly from primary education to the tertiary sector, while others will be seen falling by the wayside. The following main questions will be addressed in the investigation: (1) How do the school careers of 10-to-21 year-old students develop? (2) How are these careers experienced by the students themselves? (3) What explanations can be given from a resource-theoretical perspective? We will describe and analyse in detail the school careers of five students in a longitudinal research framework characterisable as a longitudinal ‘embedded case study’. In the context of this design the stories of the students and their teachers will be the main focus. However, this statement of focus does not imply a simple description of the experiences and perspectives of the people concerned. Rather, in this work we endeavour to connect the students’ ‘small stories’ to the ‘grand stories’ of the theory of school careers. The main conclusion from this research is that talent - as measured by scores on a series of objective tests at the ages of ten and twelve years – is the most influential resource in later school success, but that strong motivation has a compensating effect. Real ‘survivors’ sometimes achieve their aim by overcoming great barriers. Parents and teachers also play a very important role in particular at the transition points

Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Health Literacy Consultation Skills Training for Undergraduate Medical Students:A Randomized Controlled Trial

Comprehensible communication by itself is not sufficient to overcome health literacy related problems. Future doctors need a larger scope of capacities in order to strengthen a patient's autonomy, participation, and self-management abilities. To date, such comprehensive training-interventions are rarely embedded in curricula, nor systematically evaluated. We assessed whether comprehensive training increased these health literacy competencies, in a randomized controlled trial (RCT), with a waiting list condition. Participants were international undergraduate medical students of a Dutch medical faculty (intervention: 39; control: 40). The 11-h-training-intervention encompassed a health literacy lecture and five interactive small-group sessions to practise gathering information and providing comprehensible information, shared decision-making, and enabling of self-management using role-play and videotaped conversations. We assessed self-reported competencies (knowledge and awareness of health literacy, attitude, self-efficacy, and ability to use patient-centred communication techniques) at baseline, after a five and ten-week follow-up. We compared students' competencies using multi-level analysis, adjusted for baseline. As validation, we evaluated demonstrated skills in videotaped consultations for a subsample. The group of students who received the training intervention reported significantly greater health literacy competencies, which persisted up to five weeks afterwards. Increase was greatest for providing comprehensible information (B: 1.50; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.15 to 1.84), shared decision-making (B: 1.08; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.55), and self-management (B: 1.21; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.80). Effects regarding demonstrated skills confirmed self-rated competency improvement. This training enhanced a larger scope of health literacy competences and was well received by medical students. Implementation and further evaluation of this training in education and clinical practice can support sustainable health literacy capacity building of future doctors and contribute to better patient empowerment and outcomes of consultations

Book review: An Essay on Grammar-Parser Relations (J. van de Koot)

Review of this book, that is the author's Thesis Dissertation

Verbal memory and sentence comprehension in aphasia: a case series

This case series explores the relationship between verbal memory capacity and sentence comprehension in four patients with aphasia. Two sentence comprehension tasks showed that two patients, P1 and P2, had impaired syntactic comprehension, whereas P3 and P4’s sentence comprehension was intact. The memory assessment tasks showed that P1 and P2 had severely impaired short-term memory, whereas P3 and P4 performed within the normal range in the short-term memory tasks. This finding suggests an association between short-term memory deficit and sentence comprehension difficulties. P1 and P3 exhibited impaired comparable working memory deficits, suggesting a dissociation between working memory and sentence comprehension

Determinants of quality of life in children with psychiatric disorders

Objective: To assess factors that, in addition to childhood psychopathology, are associated with Quality of Life (QoL) in children with psychiatric problems. Methods: In a referred sample of 252 8 to 18-year-olds, information concerning QoL, psychopathology and a broad range of child, parent, and family/ social network factors was obtained from children, parents, teachers and clinicians. Results: Poor child, parent, and clinician reported QoL was associated with child psychopathology, but given the presence of psychopathology, also with child factors, such as low self-esteem, and poor social skills, and family/social network factors, such as poor family functioning, and poor social support. In multiple linear regression analyses the importance of parent factors, such as parenting stress, was almost negligible. Conclusion: To increase QoL of children with psychiatric problems, treatment of symptoms is important, but outcome might improve if treatment is also focussed on other factors that may affect QoL. Results are discussed in relation to current treatment programs. © Springer 2005