Interdependence of Income between China and ASEAN-5 Countries

This paper examines the interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries by resorting to the time series econometrics analysis from 1960 to 2000 of the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Empirical results are found to support the strong interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries. With the increasing interest of economic integration around the globe especially the proposed China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), the interdependence and synchronization movements of income between member countries is an important characteristic for suitability toward the regional common currency goal.

Interdependence of Income between China and ASEAN-5 Countries

This paper examines the interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries by resorting to the time series econometrics analysis from 1960 to 2000 of the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Empirical results are found to support the strong interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries. With the increasing interest of economic integration around the globe especially the proposed China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), the interdependence and synchronization movements of income between member countries is an important characteristic for suitability toward the regional common currency goal.interdependence; cointegration; China; ASEAN-5

Outcomes of elective liver surgery worldwide: a global, prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study

Background: The outcomes of liver surgery worldwide remain unknown. The true population-based outcomes are likely different to those vastly reported that reflect the activity of highly specialized academic centers. The aim of this study was to measure the true worldwide practice of liver surgery and associated outcomes by recruiting from centers across the globe. The geographic distribution of liver surgery activity and complexity was also evaluated to further understand variations in outcomes. Methods: LiverGroup.org was an international, prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study following the Global Surgery Collaborative Snapshot Research approach with a 3-month prospective, consecutive patient enrollment within January–December 2019. Each patient was followed up for 90 days postoperatively. All patients undergoing liver surgery at their respective centers were eligible for study inclusion. Basic demographics, patient and operation characteristics were collected. Morbidity was recorded according to the Clavien–Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications. Country-based and hospital-based data were collected, including the Human Development Index (HDI). (NCT03768141). Results: A total of 2159 patients were included from six continents. Surgery was performed for cancer in 1785 (83%) patients. Of all patients, 912 (42%) experienced a postoperative complication of any severity, while the major complication rate was 16% (341/2159). The overall 90-day mortality rate after liver surgery was 3.8% (82/2,159). The overall failure to rescue rate was 11% (82/ 722) ranging from 5 to 35% among the higher and lower HDI groups, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first to our knowledge global surgery study specifically designed and conducted for specialized liver surgery. The authors identified failure to rescue as a significant potentially modifiable factor for mortality after liver surgery, mostly related to lower Human Development Index countries. Members of the LiverGroup.org network could now work together to develop quality improvement collaboratives

Convergence of income between Asean-5 and China

It is said that the People’s Republic of China plays an important role as a trading partner of ASEAN. This study examines convergence of income (using real GDP growth) between ASEAN-5 countries (namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) and the People’s Republic of China for a period of 41 years of annually data from 1960 to 2000. Four empirical methods are used in this research, namely correlation coefficient, the standard ADF test, the Johansen-Juselius Cointegration analysis to test the convergence hypothesis and the Granger Causality test. Empirical results show that there are mutual relationship and correlation of real GDP growth between ASEAN-5 and the People’s Republic of China in the long run. From the finding using the Granger causality method, it is found out that ASEAN-5 countries are diverting their investments to the People’s Republic of China

Interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to empirically examine the interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries by using the real gross domestic product (GDP). Besides answering this important policy question, the paper is also concerned with ascertaining the causal direction between China and the ASEAN-5 income. Design/methodology/approach – The paper resorts to the standard time series econometrics analysis. These includes the unit root, cointegration and the Granger causality tests in order to test the causal interplay and interdependence of income between ASEAN-5 and China for the estimation period from 1960 to 2003 obtained from the Penn World Table (PWT) 6.2. Findings – Empirical results are found to support the strong interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries. Further, the causality experiment suggests that China is the key factor in connecting (equilibrium point) the ASEAN-5 region, where China in one-way or another marks the resemblance of the income amongst these economies. Originality/value – The paper is of value in that it highlights the issue of interdependence of income especially in developing countries. With the increasing interest of economic integration around the globe especially the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), the interdependence and synchronization movements of income between member countries is an important characteristic for suitability towards the regional common currency goal

Interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to empirically examine the interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries by using the real gross domestic product (GDP). Besides answering this important policy question, the paper is also concerned with ascertaining the causal direction between China and the ASEAN-5 income. Design/methodology/approach – The paper resorts to the standard time series econometrics analysis. These includes the unit root, cointegration and the Granger causality tests in order to test the causal interplay and interdependence of income between ASEAN-5 and China for the estimation period from 1960 to 2003 obtained from the Penn World Table (PWT) 6.2. Findings – Empirical results are found to support the strong interdependence of income between China and ASEAN-5 countries. Further, the causality experiment suggests that China is the key factor in connecting (equilibrium point) the ASEAN-5 region, where China in one-way or another marks the resemblance of the income amongst these economies. Originality/value – The paper is of value in that it highlights the issue of interdependence of income especially in developing countries. With the increasing interest of economic integration around the globe especially the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), the interdependence and synchronization movements of income between member countries is an important characteristic for suitability towards the regional common currency goal.China, Free trade, Income, International cooperation, South East Asia

Plant fibre reinforced polymers: where do we stand in terms of tensile properties?

Plant fibres have a unique set of properties ranging from being stiff and brittle, such as hemp and flax, to more ductile, such as coir, c ombining these properties with their cost and availability makes them attractive alternative reinforcements for the production of greener composites . This article reviews the tensile properties of various plant fibre or plant based natural fibre - reinforced polymer s reported in the literature . We critically discuss the use of plant fibres as reinforcement for the production of bio - based , renewable or green polymer composites , showing t he evolution of the properties of plant fibre composites. The reported tensile properties of plant fibre - reinforced polymer composites are compared against various renewable and n on - renewable engineering/commodity polymers as well as the tensile properties of commercially available randomly oriented glass fibre - reinforced polymers (GFRP). G reen composites containing random short plant fibres do have similar properties to randomly oriented GFRP at a lower overall part weight. U nidirectional plant fibre - reinf orced polymers offer better performance than randomly oriented GFRP and could have the potential to be adapted in applications requiring even higher mechanical performance, especially in areas where the use of costly synthetic fibres might be less attracti ve . Furthermore, plant fibres can also be regarded as effective fillers to replace more expensive polymer s and improve the green credential s of final composite parts. These features may motivate the industry to introduce more plant fibre - based products to the market