Geopolitical Explanation of the Iranian 11th government”™s Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus

The strategic region of South Caucasus, including Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia is of considerable importance for Iran”™s foreign policy due to numerous reasons such as rich energy resources, neighborhood of the Russian Federation, which is known as a regional superpower, the presence of the USA and the Zionist regime, and active crises. Establishing effective relations with the countries of South Caucasus could play a decisive role in securing Iran”™s national interests. The present article sought to answer the fundamental question that how are the announced and implemented policies of the 11th government of the Islamic Republic of Iran headed by Hassan Rouhani in the South Caucasus could be explained based on the theory of geopolitics. It hypothesized that Iran is implementing its foreign policy in the region using geopolitical components of its own as well as those belonged to the countries of the South Caucasus and the relationship of these components to each other such as proximity, common interests in the Caspian Sea, routes of energy pipelines, common culture and the presence of rival trans-regional and regional powers. Speeches and agendas of bilateral meetings between the highest authorities of Iran and the regional Republics, Tehran”™s stance towards the Karabakh crisis, the legal regime of the Caspian Sea, attempts to take advantage of economic opportunities, stress on the need to promote friendly and cooperative relations with all the three countries are among of the most important evidence based on which the hypothesis was tested, and their consistency with the theory of Geopolitics was explained.

اول بررسی رژیم حقوقی رودخانه هیرمند در دوره پهلوی و دوم

Background and Aims: The differences between Iran and Afghanistan in the field of Hirmand water have not been resolved after more than a century. Studying the legal regime of the Hirmand River in the first and second Pahlavi period can provide a favorable context for a more accurate understanding of what exists now. Based on this, the purpose of this article is a comparative study of the legal regime of the Hirmand River in the first and second Pahlavi periods. Method: The current article is descriptive and analytical and the library method is used. Ethical considerations: In this article, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed. Results: During the first Pahlavi period, a fair treaty with the title of half, half was concluded with Afghanistan in 1317, which unfortunately did not end with the occupation of Iran. However, in the second Pahlavi era, the sum of domestic political factors such as high oil revenues and the increase in the welfare level and a growing economic future perspective on the one hand and as a result of not feeling the need to develop agriculture and turn to industries in the country and as a result of the culture of consumerism and the structure of the international system Bipolarity and Iran's tendency towards the western bloc and the free world and the strategic ally of the United States, all of these factors play a greater role in the structure of the international system. The government obstructed the water talks and the result was the 1351 Blue Treaty, which significantly reduced Iran's quota compared to the 1317 treaty and limited it to 22 cubic meters per second. Conclusion: Considering the unfavorable water situation in Sistan and Baluchistan province, it is necessary to use all available levers in order to realize Iran's ambition.زمینه و هدف: اختلافات میان ایران افغانستان در زمینه آب هیرمند باگذشت بیش از یک سده هنوز لاینحل باقی ‌مانده است. مطالعه رژیم حقوقی رودخانه هیرمند در دوره پهلوی اول و دوم می‌تواند زمینه مساعدی برای درک دقیق‌تری از اختلافات موجود میان ایران و افغانستان ارائه کند. بر همین اساس، هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی تطبیقی رژیم حقوقی رودخانه هیرمند در دوره پهلوی اول و دوم و تبیین توافقات صورت‌گرفته در این دوره به عنوان مبنای حل اختلافات کنونی و ارائه راهکار برای رفع اختلافات است. روش: مقاله حاضر توصیفی ـ تحلیلی بوده و از روش کتابخانه‌ای استفاده ‌شده است. به همین منظور با مطالعه اسناد به روش کتابخانه‌ای تلاش شده رژیم حقوقی حاکم بر هیرمند تبیین شود. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در این مقاله، اصالت متن، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است. یافته‌ها: در دوره پهلوی اول، معاهده‌ای منصفانه و با حق‌آبه نصف، نصف در سال 1317 با افغانستان منعقد شد که متأسفانه با اشغال ایران به سرانجام نرسید، اما در عصر پهلوی دوم معاهده آبی 1351 بین ایران و افغانستان منعقد شد که به مراتب نسبت به معاهده 1317 از حق‌آبه ایران کاسته شد و به 22 متر مکعب در ثانیه اکتفا شد که حتی آن نیز در سال‌های بعد از طرف دولت افغانستان تا به امروز به بهانه‌های مختلف رعایت نشده است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به وضعیت نامساعد آب در استان سیستان و بلوچستان لازم است از سازوکارهای بین‌المللی بر مبنای معاهده آبی 1351 برای احقاق حق‌آبه ایران استفاده شود

Identification of Superior Barley Genotypes Using Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG)

The main objective of the study was to evaluate and select the superior barley genotypes based on grain yield and some pheno-morphological traits using a new proposed selection index (SIIG). For this purpose, one-hundred-eight pure and four local cultivars (Norouz, Auxin, Nobahar, and WB-97-11) were evaluated as reference genotypes in four warm regions of Iran, including Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol, and Gonbad, during the 2020–2021 cropping seasons. The results of REML analysis showed that the heritability of all traits (except plant height) was higher in Gonbad than in other environments, while the lowest values were estimated in Ahvaz and Zabol environments. In addition, among the measured traits, the thousand kernel weight and grain filling period showed the highest and lowest values of heritability (0.83 and 0.01, respectively). The results showed that the seed yield of genotypes 1, 108, 3, 86, 5, 87, 19, 16, 15, 56, and 18 was higher than the four reference genotypes, and, on the other hand, the SIIG index of these genotypes was greater than or equal to 0.60. Based on the SIIG discriminator index, 4, 8, 31, and 28 genotypes with values greater than or equal to 0.60 were identified as superior for Darab, Ahvaz, Zabol, and Gonbad environments, respectively. As a conclusion, our results revealed that the SIIG index has ideal potential to identify genotypes with high yield and desirable traits. Therefore, the use of this index can be beneficial in screening better genotypes in the early stages of any breeding program for any crop