Flow Patterns at Stented Coronary Bifurcations Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis

Background—The ideal bifurcation stenting technique is not established, and data on the hemodynamic characteristics at stented bifurcations are limited. Methods and Results—We used computational fluid dynamics analysis to assess hemodynamic parameters known affect the risk of restenosis and thrombosis at coronary bifurcations after the use of various single- and double-stenting techniques. We assessed the distributions and surface integrals of the time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (tr). Single main branch stenting without side branch balloon angioplasty or stenting provided the most favorable hemodynamic results (integrated values of TAWSS=4.13·10−4 N, OSI=7.52·10−6 m2, tr=5.57·10−4 m2/Pa) with bifurcational area subjected to OSI values >0.25, >0.35, and >0.45 calculated as 0.36 mm2, 0.04 mm2, and 0 mm2, respectively. Extended bifurcation areas subjected to these OSI values were seen after T-stenting: 0.61 mm2, 0.18 mm2, and 0.02 mm2, respectively. Among the considered double-stenting techniques, crush stenting (integrated values of TAWSS=1.18·10−4 N, OSI=7.75·10−6 m2, tr=6.16·10−4 m2/Pa) gave the most favorable results compared with T-stenting (TAWSS=0.78·10−4 N, OSI=10.40·10−6 m2, tr=6.87·10−4 m2/Pa) or the culotte technique (TAWSS=1.30· 10−4 N, OSI=9.87·10−6 m2, tr=8.78·10−4 m2/Pa). Conclusions—In the studied models of computer simulations, stenting of the main branch with our without balloon angioplasty of the side branch offers hemodynamic advantages over double stenting. When double stenting is considered, the crush technique with the use of a thin-strut stent may result in improved immediate hemodynamics compared with culotte or T-stenting

AN OBLIGATORY ROLE OF MIND BOMB-1 IN NOTCH SIGNALING OF MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT

Background. The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling module essential for cell fate specification that requires endocytosis of Notch ligands. Structurally distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) and Mind bomb (Mib), cooperatively regulate the endocytosis of Notch ligands in Drosophila. However, the respective roles of the mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neur1, Neur2, Mib1, and Mib2, in mammalian development are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings. Through extensive use of mammalian genetics, here we show that Neur1 and Neur2 double mutants and Mib2 2/2 mice were viable and grossly normal. In contrast, conditional inactivation of Mib1 in various tissues revealed the representative Notch phenotypes: defects of arterial specification as deltalike4 mutants, abnormal cerebellum and skin development as jagged1 conditional mutants, and syndactylism as jagged2 mutants. Conclusions/Significance. Our data provide the first evidence that Mib1 is essential for Jagged as well as Deltalike ligand-mediated Notch signaling in mammalian development, while Neur1, Neur2, and Mib2 are dispensable.open117978Nsciescopu

Culture and establishment of self-renewing human and mouse adult liver and pancreas 3D organoids and their genetic manipulation.

Adult somatic tissues have proven difficult to expand in vitro, largely because of the complexity of recreating appropriate environmental signals in culture. We have overcome this problem recently and developed culture conditions for adult stem cells that allow the long-term expansion of adult primary tissues from small intestine, stomach, liver and pancreas into self-assembling 3D structures that we have termed 'organoids'. We provide a detailed protocol that describes how to grow adult mouse and human liver and pancreas organoids, from cell isolation and long-term expansion to genetic manipulation in vitro. Liver and pancreas cells grow in a gel-based extracellular matrix (ECM) and a defined medium. The cells can self-organize into organoids that self-renew in vitro while retaining their tissue-of-origin commitment, genetic stability and potential to differentiate into functional cells in vitro (hepatocytes) and in vivo (hepatocytes and endocrine cells). Genetic modification of these organoids opens up avenues for the manipulation of adult stem cells in vitro, which could facilitate the study of human biology and allow gene correction for regenerative medicine purposes. The complete protocol takes 1-4 weeks to generate self-renewing 3D organoids and to perform genetic manipulation experiments. Personnel with basic scientific training can conduct this protocol.LB is supported by an EMBO Postdoctoral fellowship (EMBO ALTF 794-2014). CH is supported by a Cambridge Stem Cell Institute Seed Fund award and the Herchel Smith Fund. BK is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society. MH is a Wellcome Trust Sir Henry Dale Fellow and is jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (104151/Z/14/Z).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2016.097

Tracing oncogene-driven remodelling of the intestinal stem cell niche

Interactions between tumour cells and the surrounding microenvironment contribute to tumour progression, metastasis and recurrence1–3. Although mosaic analyses in Drosophila have advanced our understanding of such interactions4,5, it has been difficult to engineer parallel approaches in vertebrates. Here we present an oncogene-associated, multicolour reporter mouse model—the Red2Onco system—that allows differential tracing of mutant and wild-type cells in the same tissue. By applying this system to the small intestine, we show that oncogene-expressing mutant crypts alter the cellular organization of neighbouring wild-type crypts, thereby driving accelerated clonal drift. Crypts that express oncogenic KRAS or PI3K secrete BMP ligands that suppress local stem cell activity, while changes in PDGFRloCD81+ stromal cells induced by crypts with oncogenic PI3K alter the WNT signalling environment. Together, these results show how oncogene-driven paracrine remodelling creates a niche environment that is detrimental to the maintenance of wild-type tissue, promoting field transformation dominated by oncogenic clones

Formation of artificial pores in nano-TiO2 photo-electrode films using acetylene-black for high-efficiency, dye-sensitized solar cells

Acetylene-black paste without a light scattering layer was applied to meso-porous TiO2 photo-electrode films with a crystalline framework, a low residual carbon, and a tunable morphological pore size. The thermal-treated TiO2 photo-electrode films had an increased acetylene-black concentration with an increase in artificial pores and a decrease in residual carbon. The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was enhanced by the use of the TiO2 photo-anode pastes at various acetylene-black concentrations. The photo-conversion efficiency of the DSSCs using TiO2 photo-electrode films with 1.5 wt% acetylene-black was enhanced from 7.98 (no acetylene-black) to 9.75% without the integration of a light-scattering layer.open5

An Obligatory Role of Mind Bomb-1 in Notch Signaling of Mammalian Development

Background. The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling module essential for cell fate specification that requires endocytosis of Notch ligands. Structurally distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) and Mind bomb (Mib), cooperatively regulate the endocytosis of Notch ligands in Drosophila. However, the respective roles of the mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neur1, Neur2, Mib1, and Mib2, in mammalian development are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings. Through extensive use of mammalian genetics, here we show that Neur1 and Neur2 double mutants and Mib2-1- mice were viable and grossly normal. In contrast, conditional inactivation of MW in various tissues revealed the representative Notch phenotypes: defects of arterial specification as deltalike4 mutants, abnormal cerebellum and skin development as jagged1 conditional mutants, and syndactylism as jagged2 mutants. Conclusions/Significance. Our data provide the first evidence that Mib1 is essential for Jagged as well as Deltalike ligand-mediated Notch signaling in mammalian development, while Neur1, Neur2, and Mib2 are dispensable.open504

Echocardiography in the diagnosis left ventricular noncompaction

Echocardiography is the method of choice to establish a diagnosis and determine a treatment plan for patients with noncompaction of ventricular myocardium (NVM). The 2-dimentional echocardiography, 3-dimentional echocardiography, color Doppler echocardiography and contrast-enhanced echocardiography are of critical importance for diagnosis and family screening of NVM

Stress-induced anhedonia is associated with hypertrophy of medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens

There is accumulating evidence that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. As the NAc is a key component in the neural circuitry of reward, it has been hypothesized that anhedonia, a core symptom of depression, might be related to dysfunction of this brain region. Neuronal morphology and expression of plasticity-related molecules were examined in the NAc of rats displaying anhedonic behavior (measured in the sucrose-consumption test) in response to chronic mild stress. To demonstrate the relevance of our measurements to depression, we tested whether the observed changes were sensitive to reversal with antidepressants (imipramine and fluoxetine). Data show that animals displaying anhedonic behavior display an hypertrophy of medium spiny neurons in the NAc and, in parallel, have increased expression of the genes encoding for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neural cell adhesion molecule and synaptic protein synapsin 1. Importantly, the reversal of stress-induced anhedonia by antidepressants is linked to a restoration of gene-expression patterns and dendritic morphology in the NAc. Using an animal model of depression, we show that stress induces anhedonic behavior that is associated with specific changes in the neuronal morphology and in the gene-expression profile of the NAc that are effectively reversed after treatment with antidepressants.The present work was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Technology (FCT), project PTDC/SAU-NEU/105180/2008. FM and PL are recipients of postdoctoral fellowships and MM is recipient of a doctoral fellowship, all from FCT, Portugal

False-negative PD-L1 immunostaining in ethanol-fixed EBUS-TBNA specimens of non-small cell lung cancer patients

Aims Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunostaining is used to predict which non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients will respond best to treatment with programmed cell death protein 1/PD-L1 inhibitors. PD-L1 immunostaining is sometimes performed on alcohol-fixed cytological specimens instead of on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies or resections. We studied whether ethanol prefixation of clots from endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) results in diminished PD-L1 immunostaining as compared with formalin fixation. Methods and results FFPE cell blocks from EBUS-TBNA specimens of 54 NSCLC patients were identified. For each case, paired samples were available, consisting of clots directly immersed in formalin and clots prefixed in Fixcyt (50% ethanol). Serial sections were immunostained for PD-L1 by use of the standardised SP263 assay and the 22C3 antibody as a laboratory-developed test (LDT). PD-L1 positivity was determined with two cut-offs (1% and 50%). Concordance of PD-L1 positivity between the formalin-fixed (gold standard) and ethanol-prefixed material was assessed. When the 22C3 LDT was used, 30% and 36% of the ethanol-prefixed specimens showed false-negative results at the 1% and 50% cut-offs, respectively (kappa 0.64 and 0.68). When SP263 was used, 22% of the ethanol-prefixed specimens showed false-negative results at the 1% cut-off (kappa 0.67). At the 50% cut-off, concordance was higher (kappa 0.91), with 12% of the ethanol-prefixed specimens showing false-negative results. Conclusion Ethanol fixation of EBUS-TBNA specimens prior to formalin fixation can result in a considerable number of false-negative PD-L1 immunostaining results when a 1% cut-off is used and immunostaining is performed with SP263 or the 22C3 LDT. The same applies to use of the 50% cut-off when immunostaining is performed with the 22C3 LDT