The residual value models : a framework for business administration

This article investigates the relationship between a firm’s performance and Residual Value Models (RVM) which serve as decision making tools in corporate management. The main measures are the Economic Value Added (EVA®2) and Cash Value Added (CVA®3), with key components the Residual Income (RI), Free Cash Flow (FCF) and Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). These measures have attracted considerable interest among scientists, practitioners and organizations in recent years. This work focuses on the relations, among Net Income (NI), Residual Income, Cash Flows from Operations activities (CFO), cost of equity capital and debt capital, we also discuss the usage of accounting data from accrual or cash flow basis, the economic adjustments on them, and the compatibility with IFRS4 rules or other countries’ GAAPs5. Generally, the decision making based on Value Based Management (VBM) key metrics shows inconsistencies and limitations in definitions and applications, but at the same time, it is a way for management to have influence on the company’s performance and total market value (TMV) which are strongly related to current and future VBM key metrics’ amounts. The contribution of this paper is that it surveys from a critical perspective, literature about Residual Value Models (RVM) and VBM metrics and proposes a new framework for managing the firm’s value and monitoring performance.peer-reviewe

Fair value and cost accounting, depreciation methods, recognition and measurement for fixed assets

In accounting and finance, fair value is a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential market price of a good, service or asset. On the other hand, cost accounting policy is more conservative and prudence. Accounting fairness refers mostly to the fair presentation, the initial recognition and measurement or valuation of an element. Therefore, adopting different accounting policies results in the assets being presented in the entity’s financial statements with different values. With the application of cost or fair value accounting policies across firms or countries, the financial statements are being incomparable. Another issue arises from depreciation methods applied. With the application of different depreciation accounting methods across firms or countries, the financial statements are being incomparable. Both accounting policies for recognition and measurement and depreciation methods, determine the net value of fixed assets in financial statements’ presentations. Thus, a decision-making procedure exists for recognition and measurement of property assets using the above components. The research objects of the paper are to explore in detail the relationship between cost and fair value accounting policies with depreciation methods, by enabling decision-making options. The financial method of discounted cash flow (DCF) technique is used for fair value accounting as well as for impairment test and the depreciation accounting methods are used for cost accounting policy, in order to explore the decision options for a property asset recognition and measurement. Following the above procedure, a fair value accounting model is correlated with the deprecation methods and an analysis of the impact of each decision-making alternative in financial statements’ figures is producedpeer-reviewe

Property assets fair value accounting under uncertainty

Accounting fairness refers mostly to the fair presentation, and therefore, measurement or valuation of an element recognized in the entity’s financial statements. In accounting and finance, fair value is a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential market price of a good, service, or asset. Applying different accounting and valuation methods across firms or countries makes financial statements incomparable to each other. The research objects of the paper are: a literature view of IFRS2 and US GAAP3 principles and accounting standards for fixed assets; a critical perspective of the used accounting frameworks, providing comparison for each framework and each portfolio; the incorporation of uncertainty into the WLC4 methodology for the valuation and management of real property assets. The methodology of WLC with the NPV5 technique of a property asset, are used. These methods are incorporated into a decision-making mathematical model using the PERT probability distribution function for the input variables. The model is applied to a typical property asset (an office building as a part of a company’s fixed assets portfolio) in order to explore the significance of impacts from changes in structured variables by using the Monte Carlo Simulation. After the above procedure a unique fair value accounting model is founded on the dynamic integration of WLC fundamental concepts and the widely used appraisal measures for property assets with quantitative risk analysis to address the endemic in the property assets uncertainty.peer-reviewe

A comparative analysis for the accounting reporting of “employee benefits” between IFRS and other accounting standards : a case study for the biggest listed entities in Greece

The main aim of this paper is to illustrate a comparative analysis for the accounting reporting of “employee benefits” between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and other accounting reporting standards. The empirical analysis is carried out in accordance with the Greek Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GGAAP), with IFRS, following the implementation of International Accounting Standard (IAS) 19 "Employee Benefits" and with the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards (USFAS) 87. The sample consists of the 20 biggest listed entities in the Athens Stock Exchange (FTSE 20 index of the ASE). The contribution of the paper is to review the accounting reporting between different accounting standards, to a great extent, in order to find out the appropriate adjustments that have to be made for the treatment and presentation of employee benefits in the financial statements. The conclusions of the paper would be contributed to debate for the recognition of employee benefits on entities’ accounting statements in a more accurate way.peer-reviewe

Accounting GAAPs and accounting treatments for management of property : case studies from Greek real estate market

The present article reconciles the GAAP to each other, which apply to accounting recording of fixed assets. It separates the fixed assets, from the side of buyer, as Own Used, Investments, and Inventories and integrates these types of assets into four main portfolio categories. It examines, what are the features to incorporate an element of fixed assets in these portfolios. It analyzes the accounting treatments for each portfolio transaction and the impact of any accounting entry to equity and profit and loss account. It presents the key accounting profitability metrics for any kind of fixed asset. The subject of the article focuses on land and buildings as main part of the total fixed assets of a company. It discusses the influence of taxations and other expenditures at purchase time on the cost and tries to establish a purchase price allocation method for property acquisition. It describes the accounting entries for the revenues, expenses and valuations per portfolio. It makes a comparative analysis between Greek GAAP, IFRS and U.S GAAP for accounting treatments of fixed assets. Finally, it uses the framework of Greek Real Estate Market as experimental setting where the principles of Historic Cost and Fair Value Accounting can be compared. The contribution of this article is that it surveys from a critical perspective, principles, literature and the practice about all the above issues, and presents from accounting point of view a way to managing and monitoring real estate investments.peer-reviewe

Measuring a bank’s financial health : a case study for the Greek banking sector

The main aim of this article is to demonstrate a holistic framework for measuring a bank’s financial health by classifying its main responsibilities between conformance and performance. Responsibilities are classified into five categories as follows: First, Corporate Financial Reporting (CFR) that integrates General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS), Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), Financial Services Authority (FSA), and International Accounting Standards (IAS). Second, Risk Management Procedures (RMP), that incorporates methods and directives which arise from Basel I, Basel II, Capital Adequacy frameworks or solvency ratio benchmarks. Third, Corporate Governance (CG), that integrates Sarbanes – Oxley Act, Audit Committees, and Internal Audit Mechanisms. Fourth, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), that consists of instructions and standards such as Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) – social and environmental, Social accountability (SA 8000) – working conditions, International Organization for Standardization (ISO 9000). Fifth, Stockholders Value Creation (SVC), that is a set of methodologies and ratios used in order to measure value creation for shareholders such as Strategic and Balanced scorecard, Economic Value Added EVA®, and other business performance management tools. On the other, the Rating Agencies (RA) applies various rating systems in different fields. Based on this framework, the article correlates all qualitative and quantitative components, with the banks’ ratings. The dependent variable is the bank’s financial health score, represented by a dummy variable based on the bank’s rating by the rating agencies and from the relevant value of each bank that arises from its performance in the above mentioned framework of responsibilities. The independent quantitative variables belong to a set of financial, risk and market key ratios and the qualitative variables to a set of dummy variables which describe the above framework. With the use of financial and other published data of the Greek banking sector the article proposes a new model and a procedure for the explanation, management and monitoring of a bank’s financial health.peer-reviewe

A Management Procedure to take Advantage of Minorities

A group of companies is often formed and controlled by a single entity, namely the holding or parent company. The holding company has administrative control over the entire group, directing all investment and management decisions. The control can be either direct, meaning the parent company holds the majority of the voting rights of another economic entity of the group, or indirect, through intermediaries holding shares to a third company, and the parent can direct them to vote in its favor. The group has the same strategic mindset, and all decisions are made with the group’s overall growth in mind. Subject to the fact that the companies belonging to a group are being controlled and directed by another entity, a portion of their common stock k is often owned by third parties outside of the group. In accounting and consolidation processes these parties are referred to as the non-controlling interest and their rights as minority voting rights. Usually, such rights exist when a company is open to public offering and independent investors or external companies acquire part of the equity common stock, or when a partial takeover has taken place and the majority of the target’s capital is acquired by the group, in any combination. Minority rights in an economic entity cease at the percentage of the company’s share capital attributable to them. For the group as a whole, minority interests refer to the proportion of the group that is held by third parties. From the holding company’s point of view, the objective is to maximize the value of the group and, by extension, to maximize its shareholders value. In this article, we present a method where the holding company redistributes group’s shares. In addition, by allowing its own shares to trade, resulting in a greater decrease in holdings’ integrated control and a higher increase in its cash inflows. Keywords: group, participations, minority interest, CF, optimizatio

Toward a common tax regime for the European Union countries

The tax burden on wages, profits, property, and goods or services has a serious impact on cross-country competiveness, something that, in turn, impinges strongly on the actual economy of common markets such as the European Union (EU). While the mobility of productive factors is directly related with country tax-regime differences, government budget funding from tax revenues and rates are the main fiscal policy tools. This article analyzes the trends, similarities and differences between the tax regimes of European Monetary Union (EMU) for the period from1995 to 2019. The methodologies we employ include time series analysis, regression analysis and multivariate cluster analysis. The data are mainly collected from the OECD database and tax revenue departments at country level. We argue that there are significant differences among the tax regimes of EU countries and that no policy has been implemented to ensure tax homogeneity across the EU, nor is there any likelihood of such. The anarchy in fiscal policy is an obstacle for the European Integration. Budget deficits have an impact on taxation and countries, invariably, manage the recent debt crisis by selecting different taxes as fiscal policy tools. Our article presents the differences between tax regimes of EMU countries and shows that the level of economic growth affects the structure of taxes at work and alters the performance of different types of taxes; is also wishes to explain the factors that differentiate tax regimes by using multi dimensional criteria and variance analysis. Our work contributes to the debate toward a common tax regime between EU countries and our analysis is concentrated on this.peer-reviewe