Martian Superoxide and Peroxide O2 Release (OR) Assay: A New Technology for Terrestrial and Planetary Applications

This study presents an assay for the detection and quantification of soil metal superoxides and peroxides in regolith and soil. The O2 release (OR) assay is based on the enzymatic conversion of the hydrolysis products of metal oxides to O2, and their quantification by an O2 electrode based on the stoichiometry of the involved reactions: The intermediate product O2 from the hydrolysis of metal superoxides is converted by cytochrome c to O2, and also by superoxide dismutase (SOD) to 1/2 mol O2 and 1/2 mol H2O2, which is then converted by catalase (CAT) to 1/2 mol O2. The product H2O2 from the hydrolysis of metal peroxides and hydroperoxides is converted to 1/2 mol O2 by CAT. The assay-method was validated in a sealed sample chamber using a liquid-phase Clark-type O2 electrode with known concentrations of O2 and H2O2, and with commercial metal superoxide and peroxide mixed with Mars analogue Mojave and Atacama Desert soils. Carbonates and perchlorates, both present on Mars, do not interfere with the assay. The assay lower limit of detection, using luminescence quenching/optical sensing O2-electrodes, is 1 nmol O2 cm(exp. -3) or better. The activity of the assay enzymes SOD and cytochrome c was unaffected up to 6 Gy exposure by gamma-radiation, while CAT retained 100% and 40% of its activity at 3 and 6 Gy, respectively, demonstrating the suitability of these enzymes for planetary missions, e.g., in Mars or Europa

A combination of NMR and liquid chromatography to characterize the protective effects of Rhus tripartita extracts on ethanol-induced toxicity and inflammation on intestinal cells

Consumption of ethanol may have severe effects on human organs and tissues and lead to acute and chronic inflammation of internal organs. The present study aims at investigating the potential protective effects of three different extracts prepared from the leaves, root, and stem of the sumac, Rhus tripartita, against ethanol-induced toxicity and inflammation using intestinal cells as a cell culture system, in vitro model of the intestinal mucosa. The results showed an induction of cytotoxicity by ethanol, which was partially reversed by co-administration of the plant extracts. As part of investigating the cellular response and the mechanism of toxicity, the role of reduced thiols and glutathione-S-transferases were assessed. In addition, intestinal cells were artificially imposed to an inflammation state and the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts was estimated by determination of interleukin-8. Finally, a detailed characterization of the contents of the three plant extracts by high resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry revealed significant differences in their chemical compositions

Beneficial effect of the oxygen free radical scavenger amifostine (WR-2721) on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Paraplegia is the most devastating complication of thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aortic surgery. During these operations, an ischemia-reperfusion process is inevitable and the produced radical oxygen species cause severe oxidative stress for the spinal cord. In this study we examined the influence of Amifostine, a triphosphate free oxygen scavenger, on oxidative stress of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eighteen male, New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized and spinal cord ischemia was induced by temporary occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta by a coronary artery balloon catheter, advanced through the femoral artery. The animals were randomly divided in 3 groups. Group I functioned as control. In group II the descending aorta was occluded for 30 minutes and then reperfused for 75 min. In group III, 500 mg Amifostine was infused into the distal aorta during the second half-time of ischemia period. At the end of reperfusion all animals were sacrificed and spinal cord specimens were examined for superoxide radicals by an ultra sensitive fluorescent assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Superoxide radical levels ranged, in group I between 1.52 and 1.76 (1.64 ± 0.10), in group II between 1.96 and 2.50 (2.10 ± 0.23), and in group III (amifostine) between 1.21 and 1.60 (1.40 ± 0.19) (p = 0.00), showing a decrease of 43% in the Group of Amifostine. A lipid peroxidation marker measurement ranged, in group I between 0.278 and 0.305 (0.296 ± 0.013), in group II between 0.427 and 0.497 (0.463 ± 0.025), and in group III (amifostine) between 0.343 and 0.357 (0.350 ± 0.007) (p < 0.00), showing a decrease of 38% after Amifostine administration.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>By direct and indirect methods of measuring the oxidative stress of spinal cord after ischemia/reperfusion, it is suggested that intra-aortic Amifostine infusion during spinal cord ischemia phase, significantly attenuated the spinal cord oxidative injury in rabbits.</p

The role of oxidative stress in sclerotial defferentiation of aspergillus fungi

The present thesis aims to elucidate the relationship between oxidative stress and sclerotial differentiation and aflatoxin production of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. This fungus has great agricultural importance because it can infect stored grains. It can also be a human pathogen, associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and other infections. Many strains produce significant quantities of aflatoxin, a carcinogenic and acutely toxic compound. In particular, the role of central parameters of oxidative stress such as lipid and protein peroxidation, thiol redox state and antioxidant enzymes, and the influence of certain related exogenous antioxidants were studied on the biosynthesis of aflatoxin, on the biogenesis of sclerotia in a wild type in comparative relationship with a non-sclerotiogenic and non-aflatoxigenic mutant strain (ΔveA). The experimental needs of this thesis necessitates the development of new methodologies for the precise quantification of certain thiol and lipid markers of oxidative stress and protein concentration. The results show a clear relationship between oxidative stress and sclerotial differentiation since the wild type strain is more oxidatively stressed than the mutant non-differentiating strain. Administration of certain antioxidants completely inhibited sclerotiogenesis in the wild type strain (with the exception of ascorbic acid), and decreased or even halted the biosynthesis of aflatoxin, thus revealing an implication of oxidative stress on these processes. The results besides having scientific interest, have also practical importance since this fungi is both human and plant pathogen.H παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή στοχεύει στη διερεύνηση της σχέσης του οξειδωτικού στρες με τη σκληρωτιακή διαφοροποίηση και την παραγωγή αφλατοξίνης του μύκητα Aspergillus flavus. Ο μύκητας αυτός έχει σπουδαία αγροτική σημασία διότι μπορεί να επιμολύνει αποθηκευμένους καρπούς. Επίσης μπορεί να αποτελεί παθογόνο μικροοργανισμό για τον άνθρωπο που σχετίζεται με ασπεργιλλώσεις των πνευμόνων και άλλες λοιμώξεις. Πολλά στελέχη παράγουν μεγάλες ποσότητες αφλατοξίνης, μιας καρκινογόνου και εξαιρετικά τοξικής ένωσης. Συγκεκριμένα, διερευνήθηκε ο ρόλος κεντρικών παραμέτρων του οξειδωτικού στρες όπως η λιπιδική και πρωτεϊνική υπεροξείδωση, η θειολική οξειδοαναγωγική κατάσταση αλλά και συγκεκριμένων αντιοξειδωτικών ενζύμων, καθώς και η επίδραση συγκεκριμένων αντιοξειδωτών στη σκληρωτιακή διαφοροποίηση ενός στελέχους αγρίου τύπου σε σύγκριση με ένα μεταλλαγμένο μη σκληρωτιογόνο και μη αφλατοξινογόνο στέλεχος (ΔveA). Για την ολοκλήρωση αυτής της διατριβής χρειάστηκε η ανάπτυξη νέων μεθοδολογιών για την ποσοτικοποίηση στους μύκητες της ολικής πρωτεΐνης, και εξειδικευμένων θειολικών και λιπιδικών παραμέτρων του οξειδωτικού στρες. Τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής δείχνουν μια σαφή συσχέτιση του οξειδωτικού στρες με τη διαφοροποίηση των σκληρωτιογόνων μυκήτων, αφού το αγρίου τύπου στέλεχος εμφανίζεται περισσότερο στρεσαρισμένο οξειδωτικά σε σύγκριση με το αδιαφοροποίητο μεταλλαγμένο στέλεχος. Η χορήγηση αντιοξειδωτών ανέστειλε πλήρως (με εξαίρεση το ασκορβικό οξύ) τη σκληρωτιογένεση του αγρίου τύπου στελέχους επιδρώντας διαφορετικά στις παραμέτρους του οξειδωτικού στρες, ενώ μείωσε έως ανέστειλε πλήρως τη βιοσύνθεση αφλατοξίνης, αποκαλύπτοντας τη συμμετοχή του οξειδωτικού στρες σε αυτές τις διαδικασίες. Τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής εκτός από επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον έχουν και πρακτική σημασία εξαιτίας της παθογένειας του συγκεκριμένου μύκητα τόσο στον άνθρωπο όσο και στα φυτά

A Multiparametric Protocol for the Detailed Phytochemical and Antioxidant Characterisation of Plant Extracts

Medicinal and herbal plants are abundant sources of phytochemicals, which are biologically active compounds with potential health benefits. The characterisation of phytochemicals has been the subject of many studies, but there is a lack of comprehensive assays to accurately assess the main phytochemical categories and their antioxidant properties. To address this, the present study has developed a multiparametric protocol comprising eight biochemical assays, which quantify the major categories of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids, as well as their antioxidant and scavenging potential. The presented protocol offers several advantages over other methods, including higher sensitivity and significantly lower cost, making it a simpler and more affordable approach compared to commercial kits. The protocol was tested on two datasets with seventeen distinct herbal and medicinal plants, and the results demonstrated its effectiveness in accurately characterising the phytochemical composition of plant samples. The modular design of the protocol allows its adaptation to any spectrophotometric instrumentation, while all assays are simple to follow and require a minimum number of analytical steps

Surface-to-Volume Ratio Affects the Toxicity of Nanoinks in Daphnids

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has set widely used guidelines that are used as a standardized approach for assessing toxicity in a number of species. Given that various studies use different experimental setups, it is difficult to compare findings across them as a result of the lack of a universally used setup in nano-ecotoxicology. For freshwater species, Daphnia magna, a commonly used filter feeding crustacean, can generate significant molecular information in response to pollutant exposure. One factor that has an effect in toxicity induced from nanomaterials in daphnids is the surface-to-volume ratio of the exposure vessels; however, there is limited information available about its impact on the observed effect of exposure. In this study, daphnids were exposed to silver nanoparticle ink in falcon tubes and Petri dishes for 24 h. Toxicity curves revealed differences in the observed mortality of daphnids, with animals exposed in Petri dishes displaying significantly higher mortality. Differences in the activities of a number of key enzymes involved in the catabolism of macromolecules and phosphate were also observed across the exposure setups, indicating possible differences in the toxicity mechanism of silver nano-ink. Understanding the impact of factors relevant to experimental setups in ecotoxicology can increase the reproducibility of testing, and also reduce experimental costs, time, generated waste, and daphnids used in research

Efficacy of phytocannabinoids in epilepsy treatment: novel approaches and recent advances.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder mainly characterised by recurrent seizures that affect the entire population diagnosed with the condition. Currently, there is no cure for the disease and a significant proportion of patients have been deemed to have treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE). A patient is deemed to have TRE if two or more antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) fail to bring about seizure remission. This inefficacy of traditional AEDs, coupled with their undesirable side effect profile, has led to researchers considering alternative forms of treatment. Phytocannabinoids have long served as therapeutics with delta-9-THC (Δ-THC) receiving extensive focus to determine its therapeutic potential. This focus on Δ-THC has been to the detriment of analysing the plethora of other phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. The overall aim of this review is to explore other novel phytocannabinoids and their place in epilepsy treatment. The current review intends to achieve this aim via an exploration of the molecular targets underlying the anticonvulsant capabilities of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidavarin (CBDV), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ-THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG). Further, this review will provide an exploration of current pre-clinical and clinical data as it relates to the aforementioned phytocannabinoids and the treatment of epilepsy symptoms. With specific reference to epilepsy in young adult and adolescent populations, the exploration of CBD, CBDV, Δ-THCV and CBG in both preclinical and clinical environments can guide future research and aid in the further understanding of the role of phytocannabinoids in epilepsy treatment. Currently, much more research is warranted in this area to be conclusive

Toxicity of “green solvents” - The impact of butyl methylimidazolium ionic liquids on daphnids

Ionic liquids have been described as green solvents, however, their presence in the aquatic environment may indicate a threat for key species. Focusing on the freshwater ecosystem, five ionic liquids containing the 1‑butyl‑3-methylimidazolium (BMIM) cation were compared for their acute toxicity and chronic responses on daphnids. Biochemical markers of physiology including the activity of phosphatases, β-galactosidase, peptidase, lipase and glutathione-S-transferase were used to assess changes in physiology of daphnids. Feeding and reproduction were investigated as surrogate phenotypic measures. Feeding rate was decreased in all exposures, and severely impacted in BMIM hexafluorophosphate, chloride, and tetrafluoroborate, while reproduction was unaffected by all ionic liquids. A diverse set of responses were triggered from each BMIM ionic liquid in reference to enzyme activities providing insight for the toxicity impact of these emerging contaminants. Phosphatase activities were significantly decreased in all exposure scenarios to ionic liquids, but different patterns of biochemical responses were documented among acute and chronic exposures and different ionic liquids, indicating distinct mechanistic patterns. The aforementioned results highlight the toxic potential of ionic liquids which are characterised so far as green solvents

An accurate and sensitive Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250-based assay for protein determination.

In this protocol we present a rapid and sensitive assay for the accurate determination of protein concentration. The assay is a modification of a previous method, and measures minimum 0.2 μg protein