Critical Notes on the Concept of the New Code of the Russian Federationon Administrative Offenses

The article is devoted to a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the provisions of the Concept of the new Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Each section of this document is analyzed in sequence. Dwelling on the basic provisions of the concept, the Author exposes them to critical analysis both from a scientific and from a practical point of view, identifies advantages and disadvantages and formulates proposals for improving the model of the future new federal law on administrative responsibility

Several Theses in Support of an Integrative Understanding of the Administrative Process

An Author’s approach to substantiating the concept of an integrative understanding of the administrative process as a combination of two components is proposed: the executive administrative process and the judicial administrative process. The approaches that have developed in domestic legal science are refuted, according to which the legal process can take place only in the administration of justice, only in the resolution of disputes and in the presence of at least two disputing parties, and the administrative process is identified with administrative proceedings. Based on the interpretation of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the article shows that each of the three branches of state power: legislative, executive and judicial, has its own procedural form of functioning. Such a procedural form of exercising executive power, according to the Author, is an extrajudicial (executive) administrative process. Examples are given that show the existence of a common algorithm for resolving administrative cases by both administrative-public bodies and courts, which indicates a single procedural nature of the corresponding types of judicial and extrajudicial activities and the absence of fundamental differences between them. The conclusion is substantiated that the legal enforcement process is the activity of the competent authorities to resolve any categories of individual legal cases, and the legal procedural procedure is the procedure for carrying out such activities, in connection with which they are related to each other as content and form. The Author concludes that the law enforcement process carried out by public administrative bodies, both positive and jurisdictional, can be characterized as an administrative process and is not, in contrast to administrative proceedings, a kind of administrative procedure. Administrative proceedings are considered as a meaningful category of executive administrative process, namely, as an activity for the consistent, stage-by-stage resolution of an administrative case. The close relationship and interdependence of executive and judicial administrative processes are shown, the presence of which indicates that these two types of process are constituent parts of a single whole - the administrative process as a general procedural category, in connection with which it is possible to properly construct and systematize the administrative procedural legislation of the Russian Federation

Метод визначення частоти свіп-генератора панорамного вимірювача частотних характеристик

Usage of the panoramic meters of frequency-response characteristics or frequency-response characteristic tracers significantly increases work productivity of adjusters and operators of radioelectronic and telecommunication systems. One of the main functions of the frequency-response characteristic tracer is formation of frequency-response scale, that is determining sweep generator frequency, which is a part of it. High-quality frequency-response characteristic tracers must have little error of scale bars formation in the broad frequency range, automatically and independently define their frequency of the swing band of the sweep generator. There is a basic structural scheme of the sweep generator frequency meter with a single-channel frequency-time converter, the main units of which include two reference-frequency generators and stroboscopic mixer. It is proved that usage of reference-frequency generators on quartz-crystal resonators reduces to zero the error component of frequency defining, provided by frequency instability of the generator. To compensate the deflection non-linearity influence of the sweep generator on frequency determination accuracy, the basic scheme of the meter was added with the third reference-frequency generators, as well as the operating procedure of the control and evaluation unit was changed. The evaluating formulas were received for the sweep generator frequency, on their basis the mathematical models for deflection non-linearity cases were created. As a result of the analysis it was found that in the new meter in comparison with the basic one the error component of frequency determination of the sweep generator caused by deflection non-linearity is decreased by times. Interrelation between the multiplication factor and deflection non-linearity coefficient was found, it can be used by designing of the sweep generator frequency meter and formation of the requirements to frequencies of reference-frequency generators. The developed meter with a single-channel frequency-time converter can be used in high-frequency characteristic tracers of 20 GHz and higher range. Its advantages include: simplicity, absence of fast-speed units, except for the stroboscopic mixer, transfer of measurements to great time range, that is to low frequencies.В статье на основе известного метода с двумя опорными генераторами приведена базовая структурная схема измерителя частоты СВИП-генератора с одноканальным частотно-временным преобразователем, основным узлом которого является стробоскопический смеситель. Доказано, что использование как опорных генераторов на кварцевых резонаторах существенно снижает влияние составляющей погрешности определения частоты, которая обусловлена частотной нестабильностью генераторов. Усовершенствован метод с двумя опорными генераторами, базовая структурная схема измерителя дополнена третьим опорным генератором. Установлено, что применение усовершенствованного метода уменьшает на порядок составляющую погрешности определения частоты свип-генератора, которая вызвана нелинейностью развертки,. Найдена взаимосвязь между множителем и коэффициентами нелинейности развертки свип-генератора, которая может быть использована при проектировании измерителя для формирования требований к частотам опорных генераторов.В статті на основі відомого методу з двома опорними генераторами наведено базову структурну схему вимірювача частоти СВІП-генератора з одноканальним частотно-часовим перетворювачем, основним вузлом якого є стробоскопічний змішувач. Доведено, що використання як опорних генераторів на кварцових резонаторах суттєво знижує вплив складової похибки визначення частоти, яка обумовлена частотною нестабільністю генераторів. Вдосконалено метод з двома опорними генераторами, базову структурну схему вимірювача доповнено третім опорним генератором. Встановлено, що при застосуванні вдосконаленого методу складова похибки визначення частоти свіп-генератора, яка викликана нелінійністю розгортки, зменшується на порядок. Знайдено взаємозв’язок між множником та коефіцієнтами нелінійності розгортки свіп-генератора, який може бути використаний при проектуванні вимірювача для формування вимог до частот опорних генераторів

a randomized clinical trial

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 2 dosages of prepartum cholecalciferol injection on blood minerals, vitamin D metabolites, and milk production. Cows entering their second or greater lactation (n = 158) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or one of 2 treatment groups receiving either 6 × 106 IU (6VitD) or 12 × 106 IU (12VitD) cholecalciferol intramuscularly on d 275 ± 1.2 (SD) of gestation. Concentrations of serum total Ca (tCa), phosphate, and Mg were determined on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 d in milk (DIM). For a subsample of 30 cows entering the third lactation (n = 10/group), these samples were analyzed for cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3), and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-[OH]2D3). In these cows, we also determined 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D3), the biologically most active metabolite, on 1, 2, 3, and 5 DIM. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to evaluate the effect of different dosages of cholecalciferol on blood minerals, vitamin D metabolites, and milk yield over the first 5 test days after calving. Binary outcomes such as retained placenta and metritis were analyzed using a chi-squared test. Although the 12VitD treatment increased tCa concentrations on 1, 2, and 3 DIM compared with CON, administration of 6VitD increased tCa concentrations only on 1 DIM. Compared with CON cows and 6VitD cows, 12VitD cows had greater serum phosphate concentration during the first 10 DIM. Furthermore, 6VitD cows had greater serum phosphate concentrations compared with CON cows. On the contrary, 12VitD cows had lower serum Mg concentrations during the first 10 DIM compared with CON and 6VitD cows. Cholecalciferol was increased by the treatment and decreased quickly until 10 DIM. In respect to 25-OHD3, the 6VitD treatment resulted in a 4.1-fold increase in comparison to the CON group, while a 6.5-fold increase was observed in 12VitD animals. The vitamin D metabolite 24,25-(OH)2D3 increased linearly with 25-OHD3 serum levels, resulting in the highest concentrations in the 12VitD group. An increase of 1,25-(OH)2D3 until 3 DIM was observed in all cows. However, this rise was most pronounced in the CON group. The incidence of retained placenta was 1.9%, 11.5%, and 29.6%, and that of metritis was 11.5%, 15.4%, and 31.5% for CON, 6VitD, and 12VitD cows, respectively. Although none of the treated cows exerted clinical signs of hypocalcemia, one cow in CON incurred clinical hypocalcemia. Cows of the 12VitD group had a lower milk yield over the first 5 monthly test days compared with the control and 6VitD group (42.2 ± 0.5, 42.0, ± 0.5 and 40.7 ± 0.5 kg for control cows, 6VitD cows and 12VitD cows, respectively). Although no negative side effects were observed in 6VitD cows, we do not recommend the general application of 6 × 106 IU cholecalciferol before calving as positive effects on calcium homeostasis were marginal and restricted to the first DIM. The present findings confirm that the application of 12 × 106 IU cholecalciferol negatively affected milk production on this farm

Photon-mediated long range coupling of two Andreev level qubits

In a superconducting weak link, the supercurrent is carried by Andreev bound states (ABSs) formed by the phase-coherent reflection of electrons and their time-reversed partners. A single, highly transmissive ABS can serve as an ideal, compact two-level system, due to a potentially large energy difference to the next ABS. While the coherent manipulation of such Andreev levels qubits (ALQs) has been demonstrated, a long-range coupling between two ALQs, necessary for advanced qubit architectures, has not been achieved, yet. Here, we demonstrate a coherent remote coupling between two ALQs, mediated by a microwave photon in a novel superconducting microwave cavity coupler. The latter hosts two modes with different coupling rates to an external port. This allows us to perform fast readout of each qubit using the strongly coupled mode, while the weakly coupled mode is utilized to mediate the coupling between the qubits. When both qubits are tuned into resonance with the latter mode, we find excitation spectra with avoided-crossings, in very good agreement with the Tavis-Cummings model. Based on this model, we identify highly entangled two-qubit states for which the entanglement is mediated over a distance of six millimeters. This work establishes ALQs as compact and scalable solid-state qubits.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure

Detection of specific antibodies to Schmallenberg virus using microneutralisation test

The article presents data on microneutralization test for detection of specific antibodies to Schmallenberg virus. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and specificity. It can be used for analysis of blood sera of different species of animals

Моделирование трехмерных пористых иерархических материалов, организованных посредством самосборки наносфер

The article considers possibilities of using modeling fo r the development of two promising areas of modern nanomaterials, i. e.  materials with a hierarchy of pores organized hierarchical self- assembly and hierarchical structures with nanoporous elements. The  pore size of hierarchical structures was estimated by means of quasi- two-dimensional projection of three-dimensional deterministic fractal Julien aggregate. Three-dimensional modeling of hierarchical  structures organized by means of nanosphere self-assembly was conducted in the Autodesk 3ds Max environment. The article provides analysis of dependences of porosity, density, specific  surface area of fractal structures on the size of aggregates (with the  appearance of new pore levels of hierarchical materials),  dependences of the porosity change in the case of replacement of primary identical spherical particles on porous spheres.Рассмотрены возможности применения моделирования для развития двух перспективных направлений современного наноматериаловедения: материалов с иерархией пор, собранных посредством иерархической самосборки, а также иерархических структур из нанопористых  элементов. С использованием квазидвумерной проекции трехмерного детерминированного  фрактального агрегата Жюльена оценен размер пор в иерархических структурах. Трехмерное  моделирование иерархических структур, организованных посредством самосборки наносфер,  проведено в среде Autodesk 3ds Max. Проанализированы зависимости пористости, плотности,  удельной площади поверхности фрактальных структур от размеров агрегатов (при  возникновении новых уровней пор иерархических материалов), а также изменения пористости при замене первичных идентичных сферических частиц на пористые сферы