Effects of homeopathic Anax imperator on behavioural and pain models in mice

Backgound: Homeopathy is a medical theory and practice that asserts that disease can be cured by remedies that produce symptoms in a healthy person similar to those suffered by a patient with a malady

Effects of olanzapine and clozapine on memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval in mice using the elevated plus maze test

Clozapine and olanzapine are antipsychotic drugs commonly used to treat schizophrenia and psychosis; however, few studies have investigated their effects on cognitive function using animal models. Thus, the effects of olanzapine and clozapine on memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval were investigated in naive mice using a modified elevated plus maze (mEPM) task. Olanzapine (0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg) and clozapine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into male Balb-c mice before training, immediately after training or before the second day of the trial. Our results showed that both olanzapine and clozapine disrupted the acquisition of spatial memory. In addition, clozapine impaired the consolidation of spatial memory, while olanzapine had no effect. Furthermore, olanzapine and clozapine significantly disrupted memory retrieval in naive mice. Thus, these results at least suggest that olanzapine can be a superior treatment for schizophrenia compared to clozapine. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Evidence for the involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase on cognitive functions in rats

Aims: The influence of 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (3-Br 7-NI), a potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, and [1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole[4,3a]-quinoxaline-1-one] (ODQ), a highly selective, irreversible inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), on working and reference memory and emotional learning was investigated in rats. Main methods: The effects were assessed in the three-panel runway and step-down passive avoidance task. respectively. Key findings: 3-Br 7-NI (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) and ODQ (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of errors and latency of both working and reference memory performance of rats and impaired retention for the passive avoidance task. The effect of 3-Br 7-NI was reversed by L-arginine (250 mg/kg). Significance: Findings of the study supported the hypothesis that nNOS inhibition disrupts reference and working memory processes in terms of an impairment in the strategies used for solving learning tasks, and, according to these results, nNOS-sGC may be required for emotional learning and both reference and working memory. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Kocaeli UniversityKocaeli University [2007-2010/39]This study was supported by a grant from Kocaeli University Research Fund (Project number: 2007-2010/39) and preliminary findings of the study was presented at the 9th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, June 28-July 2, 2009, Paris-France

Effects of a dragonfly (Anax i.) homeopathic remedy on learning, memory and cell morphology in mice

PMID = 2682800

Effects of fluoxetine, tianeptine and olanzapine on unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice

Aims: Tianeptine is an atypical antidepressant drug that has a different mechanism of action than other antidepressants. Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia. The present study was undertaken to investigate effects of chronic administration of tianeptine or olanzapine on unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS)-induced depression-like behavior in mice compared to a widely used SSRI antidepressant, fluoxetine