A pharmaceuticals pricing problem

Ankara : The Department of Economics and the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University, 2009.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2009.Includes bibliographical references leaves 83-84.Pharmaceuticals Market, both globally and in Turkey, is subject to a material tendency in curtailing health expenditures mainly through two instruments; generic drug utilization and policy changes regarding pricing and reimbursement. Although government agencies pay back ~90% of pharmaceuticals expenditures, as a result of policy changes and current market dynamics patients may face an out of pocket extra co-payment for brand-name drugs. In this challenging market, some important questions emerge regarding the extra co-payment such as how does demand change with the existence of an extra co-payment, how much do patients substitute to generics after facing extra co-payment, how do firms may set the prices optimally so manage the trade off between price and quantity sold. As the novelty of this thesis, we try to model the demand function through a simple application for an example drug, named Lipitor. According to the estimation for the demand function, we found that “extra co-payment” is a significant factor on the market share. The market share decreases with an increase in extra co-payment as patients do switch to generics. We also estimated the price elasticity. Then we solved the firm’s optimization problem which maximizes revenue subject to the firm’s only control variable, extra copayment. A core finding is that firms should not necessarily minimize or zero extra co-payment as they do not compensate that loss with the corresponding increase in the market share. Instead firms should optimize the extra co-payment.Kolsarıcı, ŞebnemM.S

Effects of different humic acid doses in leonardite environment on the oil percentage and fatty acids of summer rapeseed (brassica napus ssp oleifera l.) under central anatolian conditions

WOS: 000417007300018Overuse and unconscious use of agricultural lands is causing reduction of organic matters in soil as well as degradation of its chemical structure. The use of chemical and farm manure, the use of organic, organo-mineral, soil adjusters and microbial fertilizers improve efficiency and quality of agricultural production and increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stres. The research was conducted in 2014 and 2015 under Central Anatolian conditions to determine plant ontogenetic phase and effective dose of humic acid (of 15%) + fulvic acid + K and leonardite treatments. The study used 4 treatment doses of humic acid (0, 5000, 10000 and 20000 ml/ha) at different onto genetic stages of the plants during 8 leaved rosette growth (Z(1)), bolting (Z(2)) and flowering period (Z(3)). The results were compared to control plants. The results showed 40.14% oil on non treated control plants. Whereas, it rose to 50.85% when 10000 nil/ha of humic acid was applied. While the oil yield in control plants was 510.1 kg/ha in 2014, it was determined as 709.5 kg/ha when 10000 ml/ha of humic acid + fulvic acid + K was applied. The highest oleic acid was 69.55% after applicatiom of 20000 ml/ha. When the study results were evaluated together, it was revealed that humic acid+fulvic acid+K and leonardite increased the oil percentage, oil yield and fatty acids of the summer rapeseed variety Heros compared to the plants in control plot.The highest results were generally obtained during the bolting period using 10000 ml/ha treatment. Therefore, it was determined that the use of humic acid + fulvic acid + K and leonardite had positive effect on summer rapeseed varietyHeros in terms of the examined parameters