КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЯ ЯК ФАКТОР ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВИРОБНИЦТВА МОЛОКА В СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ

The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of the level of production concentration in dairy farming on its efficiency. The study was conducted on the example of agricultural enterprises of Kharkiv and Chernihiv regions of Ukraine. Theoretical provisions concerning the influence of production concentration on various aspects of efficiency were generalized in the article. It is emphasized that this process is objective and takes place in different countries. The advantages of large milk production enterprises are in greater opportunities for the use of technical means and savings at the level of fixed costs.The study has found that there is a clear relationship between the grouping criterion and the value of profitability, productivity of cows, based on the analysis of factual data on the results of agricultural enterprises grouping as to the volumes of milk sale. This dependence is direct. In addition, the relationship between the grouping indicator and the growth of milk production per 100 hectares of agricultural land, production intensity is quite clearly stated. In Kharkiv region, these dependencies are clearer. The scientific value of the research results lies in their practical orientation, considering the established dependencies when planning both the level of concentration, and milk production intensity in agricultural enterprises.Метою наукових досліджень є оцінка впливу рівня концентрації виробництва в молочному скотарстві на його ефективність. Дане дослідження проводилось на прикладі сільськогосподарських підприємств Харківської та Чернігівської області України. Було здійснено узагальнення теоретичних положень відносно впливу концентрації виробництва на різні аспекти ефективності. Підкреслюється, що даний процес має об’єктивний характер і відбувається в різних країнах світу. Переваги великих підприємств з виробництва молока обумовлені більшими можливостями з використання технічних засобів та економії на рівні постійних витрат. На основі проведеного дослідження було встановлено, що на підставі аналізу фактичних даних за результатами групування сільськогосподарських підприємств за критерієм обсягів реалізації молока має місце чітка залежність між групуючим критерієм та величиною рентабельності, продуктивності корів. Дана залежність має прямий характер. Крім того, доволі чітко констатується залежність між групуючим показником та зростанням обсягів виробництва молока на 100 га сільськогосподарських угідь, рівнем інтенсивності виробництва. В Харківській області дані залежності мали більш чіткий характер. Наукова цінність результатів досліджень полягає в їх практичному спрямуванні та можливості врахування встановлених залежностей при планування як рівня концентрації, так і рівня інтенсивності виробництва молока в сільськогосподарських підприємствах

Building a model: developing genomic resources for common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) with low coverage genome sequencing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Milkweeds (<it>Asclepias </it>L.) have been extensively investigated in diverse areas of evolutionary biology and ecology; however, there are few genetic resources available to facilitate and compliment these studies. This study explored how low coverage genome sequencing of the common milkweed (<it>Asclepias syriaca </it>L.) could be useful in characterizing the genome of a plant without prior genomic information and for development of genomic resources as a step toward further developing <it>A. syriaca </it>as a model in ecology and evolution.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A 0.5× genome of <it>A. syriaca </it>was produced using Illumina sequencing. A virtually complete chloroplast genome of 158,598 bp was assembled, revealing few repeats and loss of three genes: <it>accD, clpP</it>, and <it>ycf1</it>. A nearly complete rDNA cistron (18S-5.8S-26S; 7,541 bp) and 5S rDNA (120 bp) sequence were obtained. Assessment of polymorphism revealed that the rDNA cistron and 5S rDNA had 0.3% and 26.7% polymorphic sites, respectively. A partial mitochondrial genome sequence (130,764 bp), with identical gene content to tobacco, was also assembled. An initial characterization of repeat content indicated that Ty1/<it>copia</it>-like retroelements are the most common repeat type in the milkweed genome. At least one <it>A. syriaca </it>microread hit 88% of <it>Catharanthus roseus </it>(Apocynaceae) unigenes (median coverage of 0.29×) and 66% of single copy orthologs (COSII) in asterids (median coverage of 0.14×). From this partial characterization of the <it>A. syriaca </it>genome, markers for population genetics (microsatellites) and phylogenetics (low-copy nuclear genes) studies were developed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results highlight the promise of next generation sequencing for development of genomic resources for any organism. Low coverage genome sequencing allows characterization of the high copy fraction of the genome and exploration of the low copy fraction of the genome, which facilitate the development of molecular tools for further study of a target species and its relatives. This study represents a first step in the development of a community resource for further study of plant-insect co-evolution, anti-herbivore defense, floral developmental genetics, reproductive biology, chemical evolution, population genetics, and comparative genomics using milkweeds, and <it>A. syriaca </it>in particular, as ecological and evolutionary models.</p

Concentration as A Factor in the Formation of Economic Efficiency of Milk Production in Agricultural Enterprises

The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of the level of production concentration in dairy farming on its efficiency. The study was conducted on the example of agricultural enterprises of Kharkiv and Chernihiv regions of Ukraine. Theoretical provisions concerning the influence of production concentration on various aspects of efficiency were generalized in the article. It is emphasized that this process is objective and takes place in different countries. The advantages of large milk production enterprises are in greater opportunities for the use of technical means and savings at the level of fixed costs.The study has found that there is a clear relationship between the grouping criterion and the value of profitability, productivity of cows, based on the analysis of factual data on the results of agricultural enterprises grouping as to the volumes of milk sale. This dependence is direct. In addition, the relationship between the grouping indicator and the growth of milk production per 100 hectares of agricultural land, production intensity is quite clearly stated. In Kharkiv region, these dependencies are clearer. The scientific value of the research results lies in their practical orientation, considering the established dependencies when planning both the level of concentration, and milk production intensity in agricultural enterprises

Human L1 Retrotransposition: cis Preference versus trans Complementation

Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs or L1s) comprise approximately 17% of human DNA; however, only about 60 of the ∼400,000 L1s are mobile. Using a retrotransposition assay in cultured human cells, we demonstrate that L1-encoded proteins predominantly mobilize the RNA that encodes them. At much lower levels, L1-encoded proteins can act in trans to promote retrotransposition of mutant L1s and other cellular mRNAs, creating processed pseudogenes. Mutant L1 RNAs are mobilized at 0.2 to 0.9% of the retrotransposition frequency of wild-type L1s, whereas cellular RNAs are mobilized at much lower frequencies (ca. 0.01 to 0.05% of wild-type levels). Thus, we conclude that L1-encoded proteins demonstrate a profound cis preference for their encoding RNA. This mechanism could enable L1 to remain retrotransposition competent in the presence of the overwhelming number of nonfunctional L1s present in human DNA