9 research outputs found
Dual mechanism of chromatin remodeling in the common shrew sex trivalent (XY1Y2)
Here we focus on the XY1Y2 condition in male common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758, applying electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry for a comprehensive analysis of structure, synapsis and behaviour of the sex trivalent in pachytene spermatocytes. The pachytene sex trivalent consists of three distinct parts: short and long synaptic SC fragments (between the X and Y1 and between the X and Y2, respectively) and a long asynaptic region of the X in-between. Chromatin inactivation was revealed in the XY1 synaptic region, the asynaptic region of the X and a very small asynaptic part of the Y2. This inactive part of the sex trivalent, that we named the 'head', forms a typical sex body and is located at the periphery of the meiotic nucleus at mid pachytene. The second part or 'tail', a long region of synapsis between the X and Y2 chromosomes, is directed from the periphery into the nucleus. Based on the distribution patterns of four proteins involved in chromatin inactivation, we propose a model of meiotic silencing in shrew sex chromosomes. Thus, we conclude that pachytene sex chromosomes are structurally and functionally two different chromatin domains with specific nuclear topology: the peripheral inactivated 'true' sex chromosome regions (part of the X and the Y1) and more centrally located transcriptionally active autosomal segments (part of the X and the Y2).This work was partially supported by research grants of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research ? 15-29-02649 (to SM), 16-04-01447 (to OL), 15-04-04759 (to SP) and the President Grant for Russian Distinguished Young Scientists MK-4496.2015.4 (to SP)
ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
The study objective is to determine the connection between meiosis abnormalities and changes in the basement membrane (BM) ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubules in patients with spermatogenesis disorders: azoospermia or severe oligospermia.Materials and methods. Electron microscopy of BMstructure of the seminiferous tubules of 31 patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia and normal male karyotype (46, XY) without microdeletions of the Y chromosome or structural changes in chromosomes was performed. The group 1 included 18 patients with preserved spermatogenesis including germinal cell differentiation into mature spermatids; the group 2 consisted of13 patients with either Sertoli cells and spermatogonia or only Sertoli cells.Results. Six main types of ultrastructural changes in BM were observed. The most prominent were BM invaginations in the form of basket weaves that were observed in 8 of 13patients in the group 2. In the group 1, individual basket weaves were observed in 2 of 18patients. Im-munocytochemical examination of I order spermatocyte spread nuclei in 14 patients was performed. In patients of the group 2, spermatocytes werenβt discovered. In 10 patients of the group 1, meiosis arrest at the zygotene and pachytene stages was observed in 18-50 % of spermatocytes. In 6patients, 30 to 50 % of spermatocytes with impaired formation of the structure of the sex body were revealed.Conclusion. The morphological changes of the BM of the seminiferous tubules (βbasket weavesβ and duplications of the BM) are associated with marked disorders of meiosis and spermatogenesis. It is suggested about the possibility of mutations of the genes encoding the proteins of BM.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ (ΠΠ) ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° - Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² 31 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ (46, XY), Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Y-Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. Π 1-Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 18 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎ Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄; Π²ΠΎ 2-Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ 13 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π‘Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π‘Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ 6 ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π³ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ 8 ΠΈΠ· 13 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² 2-ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ. Π 1-ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» Ρ 2 ΠΈΠ· 18 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² IΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Ρ 14 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π£ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² 2-ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ. Π£10 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² 1-ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Β«Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΒ» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π·ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² 18-50 % ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ². Π£ 6 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ 30 Π΄ΠΎ 50 % ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ°.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² (Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ) ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°. ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ
Meiosis, spermatogenesis and ultrastructure of the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules in patients with azoospermia [ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ]
The study objective is to determine the connection between meiosis abnormalities and changes in the basement membrane (BM) ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubules in patients with spermatogenesis disorders: azoospermia or severe oligospermia. Materials and methods. Electron microscopy of BM structure of the seminiferous tubules of 31 patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia and normal male karyotype (46, XY) without microdeletions of the Y chromosome or structural changes in chromosomes was performed. The group 1 included 18 patients with preserved spermatogenesis including germinal cell differentiation into mature spermatids; the group 2 consisted of 13 patients with either Sertoli cells and spermatogonia or only Sertoli cells. Results. Six main types of ultrastructural changes in BM were observed. The most prominent were BM invaginations in the form of basket weaves that were observed in 8 of 13 patients in the group 2. In the group 1, individual basket weaves were observed in 2 of 18 patients. Immunocytochemical examination of I order spermatocyte spread nuclei in 14 patients was performed. In patients of the group 2, spermatocytes weren't discovered. In 10 patients of the group 1, meiosis arrest at the zygotene and pachytene stages was observed in 18-50 % of spermatocytes. In 6 patients, 30 to 50 % of spermatocytes with impaired formation of the structure of the sex body were revealed. Conclusion. The morphological changes of the BM of the seminiferous tubules (βbasket weavesβ and duplications of the BM) are associated with marked disorders of meiosis and spermatogenesis. It is suggested about the possibility of mutations of the genes encoding the proteins of BM. Β© 2019 ABV-Press Publishing House. All rights reserved
ΠΠ«Π―ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π£Π¨ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π€ΠΠ£ΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π¦ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠ
Introduction.Β Infertility is diagnosed in 10β15 % of couples wishing to have children. In about half cases, the cause is a disorders of male fertility. Defects of spermatogenesis are often caused by the damages of key events of prophase I meiosis β synapsis, repair, recombination and desynapsis of homologous chromosomes. All these events are connected with the unique structure of the meiotic nucleus β the synaptonemal complex. Behavior of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex serve as a paradigm of chromosome behavior in the meiosis prophase and an indicator of disorders of the chromosome synapsis.ObjectiveΒ is the evaluation of the possibilities analysis of the spread spermatocyte nuclei for establishing the causes and mechanisms of spermatogenesis disturbance and identification of the genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization programs using intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Materials and methods.Β The material of the study were the biopsies of testes obtained from infertile patients by method of open multifocal testicular biopsy.The suspensions of testicular cells were examined by light microscopy. The structure of the synaptonemal complexes in spread nuclei of primary spermatocytes was studied by electron microscopy. The target meiotic proteins in such nuclei (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) were localized by the fluorescence microscopy.Results.Β There were described possibilities of light microscopic analysis of the testicular cells suspensions for the evaluation of spermatogenesis. The features of the structural organization of the sex (XY) bivalent were presented which underlie the determination of the stages of meiotic prophase in human spermatocytes. The signs of the meiotic arrest, the disturbance of the architectonics of meiotic nuclei, synapsis, recombination and chromatin silencing in human spermatocytes at the meiotic prophase I are described in details.Π‘onclusion.Β The presented results demonstrate the expediency of introducing methods of electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of the spread spermatocytes nuclei in the practice of the reproductive centers. The using of these methods makes it possible for understanding the mechanisms of infertility genesis, revealing genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa in the fertilization program.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ 10β15 % ΠΏΠ°Ρ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.Β ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.Β ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π₯Y) Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Β«Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊe ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ«Π―ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π£Π¨ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π€ΠΠ£ΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π¦ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠ
Introduction.Β Infertility is diagnosed in 10β15 % of couples wishing to have children. In about half cases, the cause is a disorders of male fertility. Defects of spermatogenesis are often caused by the damages of key events of prophase I meiosis β synapsis, repair, recombination and desynapsis of homologous chromosomes. All these events are connected with the unique structure of the meiotic nucleus β the synaptonemal complex. Behavior of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex serve as a paradigm of chromosome behavior in the meiosis prophase and an indicator of disorders of the chromosome synapsis.ObjectiveΒ is the evaluation of the possibilities analysis of the spread spermatocyte nuclei for establishing the causes and mechanisms of spermatogenesis disturbance and identification of the genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization programs using intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Materials and methods.Β The material of the study were the biopsies of testes obtained from infertile patients by method of open multifocal testicular biopsy.The suspensions of testicular cells were examined by light microscopy. The structure of the synaptonemal complexes in spread nuclei of primary spermatocytes was studied by electron microscopy. The target meiotic proteins in such nuclei (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) were localized by the fluorescence microscopy.Results.Β There were described possibilities of light microscopic analysis of the testicular cells suspensions for the evaluation of spermatogenesis. The features of the structural organization of the sex (XY) bivalent were presented which underlie the determination of the stages of meiotic prophase in human spermatocytes. The signs of the meiotic arrest, the disturbance of the architectonics of meiotic nuclei, synapsis, recombination and chromatin silencing in human spermatocytes at the meiotic prophase I are described in details.Π‘onclusion.Β The presented results demonstrate the expediency of introducing methods of electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of the spread spermatocytes nuclei in the practice of the reproductive centers. The using of these methods makes it possible for understanding the mechanisms of infertility genesis, revealing genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa in the fertilization program.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ 10β15 % ΠΏΠ°Ρ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.Β ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.Β ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π₯Y) Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Β«Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊe ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ