Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

The role of plain radiographs in the diagnosis of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis in adults

Background: Computed tomography is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. However, this facility is not readily available in many developing countries. Thus, plain sinus radiography is still widely in use in our practice. Objectives: To assess the diagnostic value of plain radiographs in adult patients with uncomplicated chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis. Methods: This study was carried out at a tertiary health facility in Northern Nigeria. All adult patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis were included. Results: A total of 88 patients were recruited into the study. There were 51 males (58.0%) and 37 (42.0%) females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 60 years; with a mean age of 31.7±9.20 years. Mucosal thickening was the commonest diagnostic plain radiographic feature, and fluid level was the least. Maxillary antra with diagnostic plain radiographic interpretations of fluid level, haziness and opacity had high specificities (100%, 95.2%, and 85.7%) and high positive predictive values (100%, 75%, and 70%) respectively. Conclusions: Plain radiographs are relevant in the diagnosis of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis in our locality only when they show features of fluid level: findings of haziness and opacity are of less diagnostic value

The role of plain radiographs in the diagnosis of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis in adults

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. However, this facility is not readily available in many developing countries. Thus, plain sinus radiography is still widely in use in our practice. OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic value of plain radiographs in adult patients with uncomplicated chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis. METHODS: This study was carried out at a tertiary health facility in Northern Nigeria. All adult patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis were included. RESULTS: A total of 88 patients were recruited into the study. There were 51 males (58.0%) and 37 (42.0%) females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 60 years; with a mean age of 31.7±9.20 years. Mucosal thickening was the commonest diagnostic plain radiographic feature, and fluid level was the least. Maxillary antra with diagnostic plain radiographic interpretations of fluid level, haziness and opacity had high specificities (100%, 95.2%, and 85.7%) and high positive predictive values (100%, 75%, and 70%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Plain radiographs are relevant in the diagnosis of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis in our locality only when they show features of fluid level: findings of haziness and opacity are of less diagnostic value

Hearing results in adults after stapedotomy

Background: Although clinical otosclerosis is considered a rare disease, it is the common cause of hearing loss in patients with an intact tympanic membrane. Also, the hearing loss is amenable to other non‑surgical remedies. However, stapes surgery is currently the preferred treatment modality. This study aimed to assess the short‑term hearing results in adults after primary stapedotomy, and find, if any, the effects of some variables on post operative hearing. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of the clinical records of all consecutive patients who had primary stapedotomy for otosclerosis at the K. K. Ramalingam Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital and Research institute, Chennai, India between October 2011 and December 2011. Results: A total of 31 adults were studied; 19 (61.3%) were males and 12 (38.7%) were females. Their ages were between 21 years and 69 years; the mean age was 43.67 years, standard deviation (SD) 11.859 (95% CI; 39.24-48.10). The mean duration of symptom was 5.96 years; SD 6.188 (95% CI; 3.65-8.27). The commonest presenting symptoms were hearing loss (96.5%) and tinnitus (48.4%). The overall mean pre‑operative pure tone average was 56.54 dB, SD 10.866 (95% CI; 52.55-60.52), while the overall mean post operative pure tone average was 33.75 dB, SD 15.577 (95% CI; 28.03-39.46). This difference was found to be statistically significant (Z = −4.454; P = 0.000). The overall mean pre‑operative air bone gap was 43.14 dB; SD 6.824 (95% CI; 40.64-45.64) and the overall mean post operative air bone gap was 19.17 dB; SD 12.368 (95% CI; 14.63-23.70). This difference was found to be statistically significant (Z = −4.701). Nineteen patients (61.3%) had post operative air bone closure within 15 dB. The patient’s age significantly correlated with the post operative pure tone average (r = 0.443; P = 0.023). There was no significant correlation between the duration of disease and the post operative pure tone average (r = −0.034; P = 0.870). Conclusions: Primary stapedotomy was effective in improving short term hearing outcome in adults with clinical otosclerosis. In addition, the post operative hearing outcomes were not affected by the duration of the disease; but by an increase in the patient’s age.Keywords: Hearing loss, otosclerosis, pure tone audiometry, stapedotomyNigerian Medical Journal | Vol. 54 | Issue 4 | July-August | 201

Hand stripping of Male Clarias gariepinus Treated with Ovaprim at Varying Levels

Matured African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), size ranging from 200-1600g total body weight (TBW) were procured from a private fish farm and transported in perforated 50 litre water holding capacity jerry can to Federal University of Technology, (F.U.T.) Minna, Bosso campus indoor fish hatchery and maintained for 2 weeks. They were fed with 40 % crude protein commercial diet with good water quality management before being used for breeding. The male breeders were hand stripped after application of (Ovaprim Overdose Inducement (OOI) at 1 ml, 1.25 ml and 1.5 ml to obtain milt to fertilize eggs. Fecundity increased with body weight and hence larger fish had higher fecundity and differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other. Mean fecundity was (280744±302). The hatchlings bred from Conventional Method (CM) and OOI were maintained for 12 weeks to determine survival and mortality rates. Percentage hatching and volume of milt extracted differed significantly (P<0.05) between CM and OOI with highest volume of milt extracted from CM (0.86±0.006a). CM gave the highest percentage survival (75.20 %) though not significantly different (P>0.05), and with ±SEM (2.232) and SD (2.923) of the bred fingerlings that were managed for 12 weeks. The male species of Clarias gariepinus could be re-used for further genetic studies after milt stripping. Milt can be stripped without killing the male but proper and adequate feeding is necessary to hasten recovery and development of the gonads. The inducement by application of Ovaprim at 1.25 ml was most effective at 10 h latency period and temperature of 25-290 C. This treatment or dosage is hence recommended for hand stripping of male breeders of Clarias gariepinus for breeding. Keywords: Hand stripping, milt, Clarias gariepinus, Ovaprim, breedingNigerian Journal of Technological Research, 8(2), 201