Coexpression of ESBL, Amp C and MBL in gram negative bacilli

Background: Resistant bacteria are emerging worldwide as a threat to the favourable outcome of common infections in community and hospital settings. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC β lactamases and Metallo-β Lactamases (MBL) are the three important mechanism of resistance to beta lactam drugs in the bacteria. The objective of the study was to screen gram negative isolates for co-expression of extended spectrum β-lactamase, Amp C β-lactamase and Metallo β-lactamase production.Methods: In this study 50 (27 male & 23 female) adult skulls were investigated to determine the type of asterion, its distance from important bony landmarks and also the nearby venous sinuses were measured.Results: Seven hundred and six isolates from various clinical samples from Kamineni institute of medical sciences Hospital, Narketpally, were processed during the period of October 2010 to September 2012. Gram negative bacilli were identified by colony morphology, gram stain, motility, enzyme detection tests, etc. ESBL detection was carried but by two procedures like double disc synergy tests (DDST) and phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT). AmpC Beta-lactamase detection was done by AmpC Disc Test. MBL production was tested by Imipenem-EDTA combined disc test.Conclusions: Klebsiella was the commonest isolate (28.47%) followed by E coli (26.48%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.54%), Enterobacter (8.92%), Acinetobacter (8.92%) and Citrobacter (7.64%). A total of 272 out of 706 gram negative isolates were ESBL producers. ESBL production was seen more in E. coli followed by Klebsiella and P. aeruginosa. A total of 73 out of 706 isolates were inducible Amp C producers. AmpC production was seen more in Acinetobacter. A total of 65 out of 706 isolates were MBL producers. MBL Production was seen more in E. coli.

Immunohistochemical and Molecular Detection of pH1N1 in NecropsiedPulmonary Tissues of Fatal Cases with Indeterminate Conventional Testing

The rapid emergence of a novel influenza A/H1N1 virus designated pH1N1 2009 caused one of the fastest pandemics of the twentieth century. The rapid development of an accurate detection test for this pandemic virus using reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) helped in timely diagnosis. In India this pandemic peaked between August to October 2009. The r-RT PCR for pH1N1 2009 was the main diagnostic test used on throat/nasopharyngeal swabs in all cases. While in majority of the cases this test provided reliable confirmation of the virus, it gave negative or indeterminate results in a subset of cases meeting the standard case definition for the pandemic infection and negative for seasonal flu. In the present study we examined 4 such fatal cases where microscopic pathology of the lung was consistent with viral bronchopneumonia for the presence of pH1N1 2009 using r-RT PCR on nucleic acid extracted from the paraffin sections that showed presence of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry. In all 4 cases pH1N1 sequences could be identified. These findings therefore emphasize the important role of microscopic pathology techniques in conjunction with molecular tools in the diagnostic confirmation of novel agents during a public health emergency

Nosocomial Buffalopoxvirus Infection, Karachi, Pakistan

During 5 months in 2004–2005, buffalopoxvirus infection, confirmed by virus isolation and limited nucleic acid sequencing, spread between 5 burns units in Karachi, Pakistan. The outbreak was related to movement of patients between units. Control measures reduced transmission, but sporadic cases continued due to the admission of new patients with community-acquired infections

Brazilian Vaccinia Viruses and Their Origins

Genetic diversity enables this virus to persist in Brazil and other parts of the world

Diversity in the Enteric Viruses Detected in Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis from Mumbai, Western India

Faecal specimens collected from two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis that occurred in southern Mumbai, India in March and October, 2006 were tested for seven different enteric viruses. Among the 218 specimens tested, 95 (43.6%) were positive, 73 (76.8%) for a single virus and 22 (23.2%) for multiple viruses. Single viral infections in both, March and October showed predominance of enterovirus (EV, 33.3% and 40%) and rotavirus A (RVA, 33.3% and 25%). The other viruses detected in these months were norovirus (NoV, 12.1% and 10%), rotavirus B (RVB, 12.1% and 10%), enteric adenovirus (AdV, 6.1% and 7.5%), Aichivirus (AiV, 3% and 7.5%) and human astrovirus (HAstV, 3% and 0%). Mixed viral infections were largely represented by two viruses (84.6% and 88.9%), a small proportion showed presence of three (7.7% and 11%) and four (7.7% and 0%) viruses in the two outbreaks. Genotyping of the viruses revealed predominance of RVA G2P[4], RVB G2 (Indian Bangladeshi lineage), NoV GII.4, AdV-40, HAstV-8 and AiV B types. VP1/2A junction region based genotyping showed presence of 11 different serotypes of EVs. Although no virus was detected in the tested water samples, examination of both water and sewage pipelines in gastroenteritis affected localities indicated leakages and possibility of contamination of drinking water with sewage water. Coexistence of multiple enteric viruses during the two outbreaks of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need to expand such investigations to other parts of India

Computational fluid dynamics for design and optimization of tubular low-density polyethylene reactors

Polymer reactor models often assume that the reactants are mixed rapidly and thus the concentrations can be considered to be uniform at small scales. However, for fast reactions or for viscous systems, poor mixing of chemical species significantly affects the reactor performance while adversely affecting product quality. The purpose of this research is to formulate a generalized algorithm based on state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques such as full or presumed probability density function (PDF) methods to better understand the role of micromixing in mixing-sensitive chemical processes. The impressive capabilities of the algorithm are investigated using an industrial test-case of tubular low-density polyethylene (LDPE) reactors. The precise control and optimization of these reactors are of primary industrial concern due to tight coupling between fluid dynamics and complex LDPE chemistry under extreme operating conditions. CFD simulations are carried out by combining the CFD model and detailed LDPE chemistry into a single FORTRAN code as well as into a commercial CFD software--Fluent(c). The technique of in situ adaptive tabulation enables the computationally efficient inclusion of the stiff and non-linear LDPE chemistry. Results include temperature profiles, various species profiles and prediction of polymer quality with and without chain transfer mechanisms under various inlet and operating conditions, along with comparisons against pilot-plant scale data and/or comparison of various CFD techniques for accurate and efficient predictions of micromixing effects. Interesting features such as a bimodal temperature distribution and local hot-spots as well as global decomposition after an induction time or due to pulsating initiator feed are also observed under certain conditions using the full PDF simulations near critical points where instabilities occur. Considering the advantages of the two CFD methods, efforts are also directed towards efficient combination of the two techniques in order to obtain reactor stability plots and catalyst efficiency profiles, which are extremely helpful in operational decisions as well as design of control strategies. Thus the study not only illustrates the importance of mixing effects on LDPE polymerization in tubular reactors, but also yields insight into choosing appropriate operating conditions for maximizing catalyst efficiency while controlling reactor dynamics and product quality in plant-scale tubular LDPE reactors.</p