A morphometric consideration of nasal septal deviations by people with paranasal complaints; a computed tomography study

The purpose of our study was to examine the localizations and the value of septal deviation by examining the coronal computed tomography of 143 persons with paranasal complaints which 72 of them were female and 71 of them were male, without taking into consideration if a deviation existed or not. The localization of the deviations of the septum nasi was investigated and the relationship between the genders were compared. The septum nasi was examined in the anterior, media, posterior regions for the left and the right directions in each person and was also examined at the superior, media and inferior levels except for the caudal end area. The value and the direction of the deviation was established. A deviation was found in one region in at least 76.2% of the 143 persons (70% female and 81% male). The maximum average deviations were found to be 1.43+/-2.1 mm in mediomedia "MM" (the vertically and sagittaly middle region of the septum nasi) region with a percentage of 34.7% towards the right-hand side in the female group, and 1.0+/-1.7 mm in the MM region with a percentage of 31.9% also towards the right-hand side in the male group. The maximum deviation in the female group was found to be 7.8 mm in the MM region and 7.9 mm in the AT region in the male group. No statistically significant difference was found for the averages of the deviations (0.298+/-0.345 mm in the female group and 0.295+/-0.269 mm in the male group) in different regions (p>0.05). No statistically significant difference was found for the averages of the deviations towards the right-hand and left-hand sides between the male (right 0.302+/-0.292 mm; left 0.287+/-0.261 mm) and the female (right 0.350+/-0.438 mm; left 0.247+/-0.235 mm) group (p>0.05). Separation of the nasal septum into 10 segments will constitute a new basically aspect for an objective, simple and practical consideration and classification

Length of the styloid process and anatomical implications for Eagle’s syndrome

The styloid process is a bony projection, located just anterior to the stylomastoid foramen, the normal length of which is approximately 20–25 mm. Elongation of the process may cause various clinical symptoms such as neck and cervicofacial pain, described as Eagle’s syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the mean length of the styloid process on cadavers, panoramic radiographs, and dry skulls, and to investigate the incidence of the elongated styloid process, while assessing the elongation in relation to Eagle’s syndrome. When the measurements from the panoramic radiographs were assessed, the mean length of the styloid processes in males and females on the right and left sides were found to be the following: 25.78 ± 5.68 mm; 22.69 ± 3.68 mm, 25.80 ± 5.75 mm; and 22.75 ± 3.65 mm, respectively. The males had greater styloid process lengths than the females, and the differences in length on both the right and left sides were statistically significant. Descriptive statistics and comparison results according to age groups were determined. There was no statistically significant difference between right or left styloid process lengths according to age groups. The mean length of the styloid process of the cadavers and dry bones was 22.54 ± 4.24, and there was no significant difference between the right and left sides of the cadavers and dry bones. The incidence of the elongated styloid process was determined as 3.3%, and the elongations revealed a female dominance. The average length of the elongated styloid process was 36.06 ± 6.12 mm, while the mean length of the styloid processes of the subjects reporting Eagle’s syndrome was 40 ± 4.72 mm. The results of this morphological study will assist clinicians in the diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome

Length of the styloid process and anatomical implications for Eagle's syndrome

The styloid process is a bony projection, located just anterior to the stylomastoid foramen, the normal length of which is approximately 20-25 mm. Elongation of the process may cause various clinical symptoms such as neck and cervicofacial pain, described as Eagle's syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the mean length of the styloid process on cadavers, panoramic radiographs, and dry skulls, and to investigate the incidence of the elongated styloid process, while assessing the elongation in relation to Eagles syndrome. When the measurements from the panoramic radiographs were assessed, the mean length of the styloid processes in males and females on the right and left sides were found to be the following: 25.78 +/- 5.68 mm; 22.69 +/- 3.68 mm, 25.80 +/- 5.75 mm; and 22.75 +/- 3.65 mm, respectively. The males had greater styloid process lengths than the females, and the differences in length on both the right and left sides were statistically significant. Descriptive statistics and comparison results according to age groups were determined. There was no statistically significant difference between right or left styloid process lengths according to age groups. The mean length of the styloid process of the cadavers and dry bones was 22.54 +/- 4.24, and there was no significant difference between the right and left sides of the cadavers and dry bones. The incidence of the elongated styloid process was determined as 3.3%, and the elongations revealed a female dominance. The average length of the elongated styloid process was 36.06 +/- 6.12 mm, while the mean length of the styloid processes of the subjects reporting Eagle's syndrome was 40 +/- 4.72 mm. The results of this morphological study will assist clinicians in the diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome. (Folia Morphol 2009; 68, 4: 265-270

Possibilities of using dried mulberry pulp as an additive in alfalfa silage

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dried mulberry (Morus alba) pulp with high water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content on the nutrient substance composition, pH and silage acids of alfalfa silage. The alfalfa used in the study was harvested in the 10% flowering period and ensiled by mixing with dried mulberry pulp at different ratios (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15%). The alfalfa that was ensiled for three months was analyzed at the end of this period, and the values measured for the control and treatment groups were compared. As a result, it was determined that the addition of dried mulberry pulp at different ratios into alfalfa silage was effective on some properties of the silage. In the case of adding mulberry pulp at 5-7.5% into the silage, it was observed that the silage pH decreased, and the lactic acid ratio increased. This positive result shows that in alfalfa silage mulberry pulp may be used as an additive. Hence, it may be stated that it would be suitable to add 5-7.5% mulberry pulp to increase the quality in alfalfa silage

Dialogue in conservation decision-making

This paper offers an analysis of the impact of stakeholder consultation during conservation decision making processes. Defining and finding opportunities for stakeholder communication within conservation work is an ethical necessity when working with cultural heritage, but the limits and practice of this necessity are less clear. The paper uses case studies to explore which aspects of the conservation process stakeholders are most likely to be consulted about and reviews the impact of their views. It asks whether conservators have a preference in which decisions they are prepared to share with stakeholders across three aspects of conservation: the initial appraisal, treatment and the display or storage. Where consultation relates to treatment, conservators are more likely to fall back on their own technical authority except when those consulted are considered fellow professionals. Other categories of stakeholder such as artists, originating communities and religious groups were found to be more constructively consulted on the understanding of the object and on care related to display and storage. Conservators should be offered more explicit guidance on the ethics of consultation, the aspects of consultation that they should engage with and on the ethical ways to deal with conflict arising from consultation