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Zelfregulatie: Resultaat van opvoeding en biologie?

Kinderen die al op jonge leeftijd in staat zijn om hun gedrag en hun emoties te controleren en te sturen, vertonen minder vaak gedragsproblemen en functioneren op latere leeftijd beter in sociale situaties en op school. In dit artikel wordt enerzijds beschreven hoe ouders de ontwikkeling van zelfregulatie bij hun kinderen kunnen beïnvloeden, via de kwaliteit van de relatie met hun kind en via specifiek opvoedgedrag. Anderzijds wordt het complexe samenspel tussen biologische processen en de opvoedingsomgeving in de ontwikkeling van zelfregulatie bij jonge kinderen belicht. De kwaliteit van de ouder-kindrelatie en de mate van sensitiviteit en positieve disciplinering blijken gerelateerd te zijn aan de mate waarin peuters en kleuters hun emoties, gedrag en denken kunnen reguleren. Deze relaties tussen opvoeding en zelfregulatie blijken echter deels afhankelijk van de hersenontwikkeling en genetische bagage van de kinderen. De mogelijke manieren waarop opvoeding de ontwikkeling van zelfregulatie kan beïnvloeden worden besproken en relevante interventies worden belicht

Kweek je een leugenaar door te liegen tegen je kind?

Welk effect heeft liegen tegen je kinderen in de opvoeding? En is de ene leugen ‘erger’ dan de andere? Rianne Kok, expert op het gebied van sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling, verbonden aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, deed onderzoek naar het effect van liegen op kinderen. Ook het onderzoek van de Amerikaanse psychologieprofessor Gail Heyman, komt ter sprake, waaruit blijkt dat liegen door ouders, wel degelijk effect heeft op hun kinderen

No differential susceptibility or diathesis stress to parenting in early adolescence: Personality facets predicting behaviour problems

This multi-sample study investigated the main and interactive effects of parenting (responsiveness, overreactivity) and young adolescents' personality traits (negative-affectivity: irritability and anxiety; and orienting-sensitivity) on behaviour problems during adolescence. Data from two samples (N1 = 222; girls 45.5%; Mean age = 11.54 years; N2 = 252; girls 50.4%; Mean age = 10.85 years) were analysed using a multivariate approach. Parenting and y

No differential susceptibility or diathesis stress to parenting in early adolescence : personality facets predicting behaviour problems

This multi-sample study investigated the main and interactive effects of parenting (responsiveness, over-reactivity) and young adolescents' personality traits (negative-affectivity: irritability and anxiety; and orienting-sensitivity) on behaviour problems during adolescence. Data from two samples (N1 = 222; girls 45.5%; Mean age = 11.54 years; N2 = 252; girls 50.4%; Mean age = 10.85 years) were analysed using a multivariate approach. Parenting and young adolescents' personality traits were assessed at Time-1 and behaviour problems were assessed 2 to 3 years later. Mothers rated their overreactive parenting practices with the Parenting-Scale (both samples); parental responsiveness was measured with the Louvain-Adolescent-Perceived-Parenting-Scale (sample-1) and the Parenting-Practices-Questionnaire (sample-2). Adolescents reported on their behaviour problems with the overlapping items of the Brief-Problem-Monitor (sample-1) and the Youth-Self-Report (sample-2). Young adolescents' personality traits were measured with the Hierarchical-Personality-Inventory-for-Children rated by mothers in sample-1 and by fathers in sample-2. No evidence supporting diathesis stress or differential susceptibility was found. Analyses revealed one interaction suggesting that adolescents with high irritability (>= 1.4 SD; 9%) with more overreactive mothers presented less internalizing behaviour, when their mothers used less overreactive parenting they showed more internalizing behaviour. High-anxiety predicted internalizing behaviour. High-irritability and low-anxiety predicted externalizing behaviour. High-irritability and orienting sensitivity predicted attention problems. No main effects of parenting on behaviour problems were observed

Parenting, young children\u27s behavioral self‐regulation and the quality of their peer relationships

The quality of young children\u27s peer relationships is important for their development, and it is assumed that parenting and self-regulation skills shape children\u27s behavior when interacting with peers. In this multi-informant-multi-method study, we examined the direct and mediated associations between preschool parenting, children\u27s behavioral self-regulation, and peer aggression and peer relationship problems in elementary school-aged children and extended previous work by examining both positive and negative parenting of both mothers and fathers. In a large community sample (n = 698) of parents and children who were between 1 and 6 years old, we obtained information on observed maternal sensitivity, mother- and father-reported harsh discipline, observed child self-regulation, and child-reported aggression towards peers, peer rejection and victimization. Results from a structural equation model showed that maternal sensitivity was prospectively associated with children\u27s behavioral self-regulation and that lower levels of behavioral self-regulation were associated with higher levels of children\u27s peer aggression and peer relationship problems. However, children\u27s behavioral self-regulation did not mediate the association between maternal sensitivity and peer relationship problems. In addition, higher levels of paternal, but not maternal, harsh discipline were directly associated with more peer relationship problems, but again no mediation was found. The results highlight the importance of maternal sensitivity for children\u27s behavioral self-regulation and the role of paternal harsh discipline for the quality of children\u27s later peer relationships. Our findings suggest it is important to take maternal and paternal parenting practices into account as they might have different effects on the child

Socialization of prosocial behavior: Gender differences in the mediating role of child brain volume

Evidence has been accumulating for the impact of normal variation in caregiving quality on brain morphology in children, but the question remains whether differences in brain volume related to early caregiving translate to behavioral implications. In this longitudinal population-based study (N = 162), moderated mediation was tested for the relation between parental sensitivity and child prosocial behavior via brain volume, in boys and girls. Both maternal and paternal sensitivity were repeatedly observed between 1 and 4 years of age. Brain volume was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging measurements at age 8, and self-reported prosocial behavior of children was assessed at 9 years of age. Parental sensitivity was positively related to child brain volume, and to child prosocial behavior at trend level. Child brain volume was negatively related to child prosocial behavior. A significant gender-by-brain interaction was found, illustrating that daughters of sensitive parents were more prosocial and that less prosocial behavior was reported for girls with a larger total brain volume. Child gender significantly moderated the indirect effect of parental sensitivity on prosocial behavior via total brain volume. A significant indirect pathway was found only in girls. The results warrant replication but indicate the importance of considering gender when studying the behavioral implications of differences in brain volume related to early caregiving experiences

The role of supportive parenting and stress reactivity in the development of self-regulation in early childhood

Maternal sensitivity and supportive discipline are important determinants of child self-regulation. Some evidence suggests that specific genetic or temperamental markers determine children’s susceptibility to the impact of maternal parenting on child self-regulation. Cortisol reactivity as a susceptibility marker moderating the relation between maternal parenting and child self-regulation has not yet been studied. In this longitudinal population-based study (N = 258), the moderating role of infant cortisol stress response to the Strange Situation Procedure at age 1 was examined in the association between parenting (sensitivity and supportive discipline) at age 3 and child self-regulation at age 3 and 4. Maternal sensitivity and supportive discipline were related to child immediate and prolonged delay of gratification at age 3, and maternal sensitivity was related to working memory skills at age 4. No evidence of differential susceptibility to maternal parenting was found, based on differences in infant cortisol stress response