14 research outputs found

    Pharmacogenetics in schizophrenia: a review of clozapine studies

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    Pharmacogenetics in schizophrenia: a review of clozapine studies

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    Objectives: Clozapine is quite effective to treat schizophrenia, but its use is complicated by several factors. Although many patients respond to antipsychotic therapy, about 50% of them exhibit inadequate response, and ineffective medication trials may entail weeks of unremitted illness, potential adverse drug reactions, and treatment nonadherence. This review of the literature sought to describe the main pharmacogenetic studies of clozapine and the genes that potentially influence response to treatment with this medication in schizophrenics. Methods: We searched the PubMed database for studies published in English in the last 20 years using keywords related to the topic. Results and Conclusions: Our search yielded 145 studies that met the search and selection criteria. Of these, 21 review articles were excluded. The 124 studies included for analysis showed controversial results. Therefore, efforts to identify key gene mechanisms that will be useful in predicting clozapine response and side effects have not been fully successful. Further studies with new analysis approaches and larger sample sizes are still required

    Estudos farmacogenéticos da resposta ao tratamento com antipsicóticos em esquizofrênicos

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    A farmacogenética busca entender a base hereditária da variabilidade da resposta e dos efeitos adversos dos agentes farmacológicos entre os indivíduos. Os medicamentos antipsicóticos são utilizados em tratamentos bastante efetivos para a esquizofrenia, mas seu uso apresenta complicações por diversos fatores. Embora boa parte dos pacientes responda às terapias com antipsicóticos, 20-40% mostram resposta inadequada, e o custo de cada tentativa de medicação não-efetiva para os pacientes pode levar a semanas de permanência da doença, ocorrência de efeitos adversos potenciais e não-aderência ao tratamento. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar genes que podem potencialmente influenciar a resposta ao tratamento com antipsicóticos em pacientes esquizofrênicos. Essa abordagem envolveu genes que determinam aspectos farmacocinéticos (enzimas metabolizadoras de fármacos: CYP2D6, CYP3A4 e CYP3A5) e farmacodinâmicos (receptores: DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, HTR2A, HTR2C e HTR1B, transportadores de neurotransmissores: SLC6A3, SLC6A4, e outros genes relacionados: COMT, MAOA, BDNF e GNB3) potencialmente envolvidos na eficácia do tratamento. No presente trabalho foram estudados 208 pacientes esquizofrênicos, sendo 135 refratários aos neurolépticos e 121 em tratamento com clozapina. Os polimorfismos investigados foram estudados por métodos baseados na Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), e alguns deles seguidos por análises de alta resolução, através da plataforma Sequenom (Sequenom, Inc.), em colaboração com o laboratório de Medicina Molecular na Espanha. Os principais resultados incluem alguns inéditos, como a associação de polimorfismos nos genes GNB3 (825C>T) e COMT (Val158Met) com ocorrência de convulsão no tratamento com clozapina; a associação de polimorfismos em DRD3 (Ser9Gly) e CYP3A5 (6986A>G) com resposta aos neurolépticos típicos; e a primeira descrição detalhada de freqüências alélicas e genotípicas no gene CYP2D6 em brasileiros. Adicionalmente, polimorfismos nos genes 5HTT (HTTLPR) e GNB3 (825C>T) foram associados significativamente com resposta à clozapina. Estes resultados sugerem que variantes genéticas podem desempenhar um papel importante na efetividade do tratamento com antipsicóticos, e podem ser considerados como sugestivos do efeito de polimorfismos em genes candidatos para estudos farmacogenéticos na esquizofrenia.The focus of pharmacogenetics is the knowledge of hereditary basis of response and adverse drug reactions to pharmacologic agents among individuals. Antipsychotics are quite effective for schizophrenia treatment, but their use remain complicated by several factors. Although a number of patients may respond to antipsychotic therapy, 20-40% of them exhibit inadequate response and the cost of ineffective medication trial for patients may entail weeks of unremitted illness, potential adverse drug reactions and nonadherence to treatment. This study aims to identify genes that potentially influence treatment response with antipsychotic in schizophrenics. This approach involved genes which determine pharmacokinetic (drug-metabolizing enzymes: CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5) and pharmacodynamic pathways (receptors: DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, HTR2A, HTR2C, and HTR1B, neurotransmitter-transporters: SLC6A3 and SLC6A4, and other related genes: COMT, MAOA, BDNF, and GNB3) potentially involved with treatment efficacy. In the present study, we studied 208 schizophrenic patients, 135 neuroleptic resistants and 121 under clozapine treatment. The investigated polymorphisms were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and some of them were followed by high-throughput analyzes of Sequenom (Sequenom, Inc.), in collaboration with the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, in Spain. The main results include original findings, such as the association of GNB3 (825C>T) and COMT (Val158Met) gene polymorphisms and seizure occurrence under clozapine treatment; the association of DRD3 (Ser9Gly) and CYP3A5 (6986A>G) gene polymorphisms and response to typical neuroleptics; and the first detailed description of CYP2D6 allele and genotype frequencies in Brazilians. Additionally, the 5HTT (HTTLPR) and GNB3 (825C>T) gene polymorphisms were significantly associated to clozapine response. These results suggest that genetic variants may have an important role in antipsychotic treatment effectiveness, and they may be considered as suggestive of the effect of candidate polymorphisms for pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia
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