Pricing, capacity and long-run cost functions for first-best and second-best network problems

This paper considers the use of 'long-run cost functions' for congested networks in solving second-best network problems, in which capacity and tolls are instruments. We derive analytical results both for general cost and demand functions and for specific functional forms, namely Bureau of Public Roads cost functions and constant-elasticity demand functions. The latter are also used in a numerical simulation model. We consider second-best cases where only a sub-set of links in a network is subject to tolling and/or capacity choice, and cases with and without a self-financing constraint imposed. We will demonstrate that, under certain assumptions, second-best long-run cost (or actually: generalized price) functions can be derived for most of the cases of interest, which can be used in an applied network model as a substitute for the conventional short-run user cost functions. Doing so reduces the dimensionality of the problem and should therefore be helpful in speeding up procedures for finding second-best optima. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd

Reduced Hypoxia Risk in a Systemic Sclerosis Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease after Long-Term Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation is effective for improving exercise capacity in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), and most programs last about 8 weeks. A 43-year-old male patient with systemic sclerosis and oxygen saturation (SpO2) declining because of severe ILD was hospitalized for treatment of chronic skin ulcers. During admission, he completed a 27-week walking exercise program with SpO2 monitoring. Consequently, continuous walking distance without severe hypoxia (SpO2 > 90%) increased from 60 m to 300 m after the program, although his six-minute walking distance remained the same. This suggests that walking exercise for several months may reduce the risk of hypoxia in patients with ILD, even though exercise capacity does not improve

SLE mortality in an oriental population

Lupus6127-31LUPU

Disruption of hippocampal CA3 network: effects on episodic-like memory processing in C57BL/6J mice

International audienc

Cross cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese Health Assessment Questionnaire for use in rheumatoid arthritis

Journal of Rheumatology2591705-1708JRHU

Guidelines for root canal treatment

Singapore Dental Journal26160-6

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Initial Manifestations and Clinical Features after 10 Years of Disease

Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore263278-281AAMS

The reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of the Chinese version of SF-36 in oriental patients with rheumatoid arthritis

10.1093/rheumatology/kel051Rheumatology4581023-1028RUMA

Clinical Predictors of Nephritis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore27116-20AAMS