455 research outputs found
Imaging findings at the quadrangular joint in carpal boss
A carpal boss was initially described as a bony, sometimes painful mass at the quadrangular joint. Clinical examination and plain radiography will usually reveal the diagnosis. US and CT may add information. MRI may illustrate a variable bony morphology and additional bony and soft tissue pathologies. Bone marrow edema shows a significant correlation with a painful carpal boss. Hence, MRI may be of additional diagnostic value in patients with persistent pain and preoperatively. This paper presents a review of the anatomy and pathology in carpal boss. The merit of each imaging modality – in particular MRI – is mentioned
Quantum state discrimination bounds for finite sample size
In the problem of quantum state discrimination, one has to determine by
measurements the state of a quantum system, based on the a priori side
information that the true state is one of two given and completely known
states, rho or sigma. In general, it is not possible to decide the identity of
the true state with certainty, and the optimal measurement strategy depends on
whether the two possible errors (mistaking rho for sigma, or the other way
around) are treated as of equal importance or not. Results on the quantum
Chernoff and Hoeffding bounds and the quantum Stein's lemma show that, if
several copies of the system are available then the optimal error probabilities
decay exponentially in the number of copies, and the decay rate is given by a
certain statistical distance between rho and sigma (the Chernoff distance, the
Hoeffding distances, and the relative entropy, respectively). While these
results provide a complete solution to the asymptotic problem, they are not
completely satisfying from a practical point of view. Indeed, in realistic
scenarios one has access only to finitely many copies of a system, and
therefore it is desirable to have bounds on the error probabilities for finite
sample size. In this paper we provide finite-size bounds on the so-called Stein
errors, the Chernoff errors, the Hoeffding errors and the mixed error
probabilities related to the Chernoff and the Hoeffding errors.Comment: 31 pages. v4: A few typos corrected. To appear in J.Math.Phy
A comparison of the entanglement measures negativity and concurrence
In this paper we investigate two different entanglement measures in the case
of mixed states of two qubits. We prove that the negativity of a state can
never exceed its concurrence and is always larger then
where is the concurrence of the state.
Furthermore we derive an explicit expression for the states for which the upper
or lower bound is satisfied. Finally we show that similar results hold if the
relative entropy of entanglement and the entanglement of formation are
compared
Entanglement rates and the stability of the area law for the entanglement entropy
We prove a conjecture by Bravyi on an upper bound on entanglement rates of local Hamiltonians. We then use this bound to prove the stability of the area law for the entanglement entropy of quantum spin systems under adiabatic and quasi-adiabatic evolutions
Osteochondroma of the proximal humerus with frictional bursitis and secondary synovial osteochondromatosis
We report a case of multiple hereditary exostosis in a 33-year old patient with clinical symptoms of pain and impression of a growing mass of the left shoulder alerting potential risk of malignant transformation of an osteochondroma. Imaging studies illustrated perilesional bursitis surrounding an osteochondroma of the proximal humerus. Malignant transformation was excluded with MRI. Fragments of the osteochondroma were dislocated in the inflammatory synovial bursa illustrating a case of secondary synovial osteochondromatosis
Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor
Solitary fibrous tumours are rare mesenchymal spindle-cell tumours that occur most often in the visceral pleura or liver. If they occur intracranially, they are extra-axially located and develop from the meninges. In those cases, the differential diagnosis has to be made with other intracranial extra-axial-located tumours, such as meningeoma and hemangiopericytoma. We report a 32-year-old woman with an intracranial solitary fibrous tumour and review the latest literature regarding the imaging characteristics of this tumour
Sacral tumours on MRI : a pictorial essay
Tumours of the sacrum can be primary or secondary. Since the sacrum is rich in haematopoietic bone marrow, bone metastases are the most frequent aetiologies. However, tumours can arise from all components of the sacrum and primary bone tumours should be considered in case of a solitary lesion and absence of oncologic history. As the clinical signs are usually non-specific, magnetic resonance imaging has become an indispensable tool in narrowing the differential diagnosis and determining the therapeutic approach. This pictorial essay illustrates specific features of the most common sacral tumours on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
- …