143 research outputs found
Dynamic buckling of an inextensible elastic ring: Linear and nonlinear analyses
Slender elastic objects such as a column tend to buckle under loads. While
static buckling is well understood as a bifurcation problem, the evolution of
shapes during dynamic buckling is much harder to study. Elastic rings under
normal pressure have emerged as a theoretical and experimental paradigm for the
study of dynamic buckling with controlled loads. Experimentally, an elastic
ring is placed within a soap film. When the film outside the ring is removed,
surface tension pulls the ring inward, mimicking an external pressurization.
Here we present a theoretical analysis of this process by performing a
post-bifurcation analysis of an elastic ring under pressure. This analysis
allows us to understand how inertia, material properties, and loading affect
the observed shape. In particular, we combine direct numerical solutions with a
post-bifurcation asymptotic analysis to show that inertia drives the system
towards higher modes that cannot be selected in static buckling. Our
theoretical results explain experimental observations that cannot be captured
by a standard linear stability analysis.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figure
Lubricated wrinkles: imposed constraints affect the dynamics of wrinkle coarsening
We study the dynamic coarsening of wrinkles in an elastic sheet that is
compressed while lying on a thin layer of viscous liquid. When the ends of the
sheet are instantaneously brought together by a small distance, viscous
resistance initially prevents the sheet from adopting a globally buckled shape.
Instead, the sheet accommodates the compression by wrinkling. Previous scaling
arguments suggested that a balance between the sheet's bending stiffness and
viscous effects lead to a wrinkle wavelength that increases with time
according to . We show that taking proper account
of the compression constraint leads to a logarithmic correction of this result,
. This correction is significant over
experimentally observable time spans, and leads us to reassess previously
published experimental data.Comment: 12 pages. Version accepted in Phys. Rev. Fluids (with small
correction to bibliography
Institutional histories, seasonal floodplains (mares), and livelihood impacts of fish stocking in the Inner Niger River Delta of Mali
The Community-based Fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplains and Irrigation Systems (CBFC) project is a five year research project supported by the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), with the aim of increasing productivity of seasonally occurring water bodies through aquaculture. The project has been implemented in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Mali and Vietnam, where technical and institutional options for community based aquaculture have been tested. The project began in 2005 and was completed in March 2010. The seasonally flooded depressions in the Inner Niger Delta (known as mares) represent a critical fishery resource for the inhabitants of the village of Komio, and at present, access is open to all residents. A proposal to build stocked fish enclosures in the main village mare presents potential benefits and risks. On one hand, overall productivity in the mare could be significantly increased, providing important sources of protein and cash during the annual drought period, when few livelihood activities can be performed and when village livelihoods are at their most vulnerable. Enhanced productivity in mares may also decrease local household pressures for seasonal labor migration. On the other hand, a resulting increase in the value of these mares may encourage elite capture of project benefits or rentseeking by certain village leaders of the landowning Marka ethnic group. Using qualitative interviews and focus group discussions, the study provides evidence of how local institutional and leadership capacity for equitable common property resource management have evolved since the introduction of irrigated farming systems (known as PΘrimΦtres IrriguΘs Villageois or PIVs) in the 1990s.Fishing rights, River fisheries, Livelihoods
Dynamics of wrinkling in ultrathin elastic sheets
The wrinkling of thin elastic objects provides a means of generating regular
patterning at small scales in applications ranging from photovoltaics to
microfluidic devices. Static wrinkle patterns are known to be governed by an
energetic balance between the object's bending stiffness and an effective
substrate stiffness, which may originate from a true substrate stiffness or
from tension and curvature along the wrinkles. Here we investigate dynamic
wrinkling, induced by the impact of a solid sphere onto an ultra-thin polymer
sheet floating on water. The vertical deflection of the sheet's centre induced
by impact draws material radially inwards, resulting in an azimuthal
compression that is relieved by the wrinkling of the entire sheet. We show that
this wrinkling is truly dynamic, exhibiting features that are qualitatively
different to those seen in quasi-static wrinkling experiments. Moreover, we
show that the wrinkles coarsen dynamically because of the inhibiting effect of
the fluid inertia. This dynamic coarsening can be understood heuristically as
the result of a dynamic stiffness, which dominates the static stiffnesses
reported thus far, and allows new controls of wrinkle wavelength.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Please see published version for supplementary
movies and SI Appendi
How Could Judges Ignore the Audi Et Alteram Partem Principle in a Criminal Case Trial?
In a judge's decision, legal considerations aim to delve into the facts revealed at trials based on the audi et alteram partem principle, which must exist and become a foundation. The philosophy of the audi et alteram partem principle is essentially the values of justice and balance. In applying the audi et alteram partem principle in a criminal case, although the judges have judicial power, they should consider the evidence and facts that are not only submitted by the public Prosecutor but also have to consider the evidence and facts submitted by the defendant. In decision Number 123/Pid.B/2022/PN Yyk, the panel of examining judges rejected the explanation of the witness a de-charge which was not based on a clear reason, so it was felt that the panel of judges examining the case did not consider the explanation of the witness which was mitigating for the defendant and violated the principle of audi et alteram. Therefore, this study aims to elaborate on how the judicial panel examined the case by applying the audi et alteram partem principle. To answer these legal issues, this study uses combined research methods of normative and empirical data with data collection methods by conducting interviews and literature reviews as well as using descriptive qualitative data analysis methods. The result of this study showed that the judicial panel examining case number 123/Pid.B/2022/PN Yyk did not consider the audi et alteram partem principle for the judgment because the judges were not balanced by only considering the prosecutor's explanation and rejecting the testimony of the defendant's witnesses and ignoring material truth of defendant's proof
Self-Ordering of Buckling, Bending, Bumping Beams
A collection of thin structures buckle, bend, and bump into each-other when
confined. This contact can lead to the formation of patterns: hair will
self-organize in curls; DNA strands will layer into cell nuclei; paper, when
crumpled, will fold in on itself, forming a maze of interleaved sheets. This
pattern formation changes how densely the structures can pack, as well as the
mechanical properties of the system. How and when these patterns form, as well
as the force required to pack these structures is not currently understood.
Here we study the emergence of order in a canonical example of packing in
slender-structures, i.e. a system of parallel growing elastic beams. Using
experiments, simulations, and simple theory from statistical mechanics, we
predict the amount of growth (or, equivalently, the amount of compression) of
the beams that will guarantee a global system order, which depends only on the
initial geometry of the system. Furthermore, we find that the compressive
stiffness and stored bending energy of this meta-material is directly
proportional to the number of beams that are geometrically frustrated at any
given point. We expect these results to elucidate the mechanisms leading to
pattern formation in these kinds of systems, and to provide a new mechanical
meta-material, with a tunable resistance to compressive force
Structure d'âge et croissance de Clarias anguillaris (Pisces, Clariidae) dans le Delta Central du Niger au Mali (Afrique de l’Ouest)
L’étude de l’âge et de la croissance de C. anguillaris dans le Delta Central du Niger a porté sur 390 individus, de taille comprise entre 144 et 670 mm et échantillonnés sur un cycle annuel. L'âge individuel des poissons a été déterminé par squelettochronologie au moyen des coupes transversales de rayons épineux pectoraux dont l'épaisseur était de 100 μm. La validité des lectures d'âge a été appréciée par le calcul des indices de cohérence inter-lecteurs. L’évolution mensuelle de la marge relative du diamètre (dr) de la coupe du rayon épineux a été utilisée pour déterminer la périodicité de formation des marques de croissance et le cycle saisonnier de croissance. Ce dernier se caractérise par l'absence d'une période tranchée d'arrêt de croissance même si une reprise précoce, dès l'étiage, liée à une amélioration des conditions physico-chimiques et alimentaires, est observée. La longévité au sein de la population est de 4 ans bien qu’une forte proportion soit pêchée avant 2 ans d’âge. Le modèle théorique de croissance révèle, outre la grande taille que pourraient atteindre certains individus, une très importante croissance linéaire la première année avec 244.81±12.15 mm, ce qui augure de très bonnes performances aquacoles.Mots clés: Clarias anguillaris, squelettochronologie, marques de croissance, longévité, Delta Central du Niger, Mal
Impact on floating thin elastic sheets: A mathematical model
We investigate impact of a sphere onto a floating elastic sheet and the
resulting formation and evolution of wrinkles in the sheet. Following impact,
we observe a radially propagating wave, beyond which the sheet remains
approximately planar but is decorated by a series of radial wrinkles whose
wavelength grows in time. We develop a mathematical model to describe these
phenomena by exploiting the asymptotic limit in which the bending stiffness is
small compared to stresses in the sheet. The results of this analysis show
that, at a time after impact, the transverse wave is located at a radial
distance from the impactor, in contrast to the classic scaling observed for capillary--inertia ripples produced by dropping a
stone into a pond. We describe the shape of this wave, starting from the
simplest case of a point impactor, but subsequently addressing a finite-radius
spherical impactor, contrasting this case with the classic Wagner theory of
impact. We show also that the coarsening of wrinkles in the flat portion of the
sheet is controlled by the inertia of the underlying liquid: short-wavelength,
small-amplitude wrinkles form at early times since they accommodate the
geometrically-imposed compression without significantly displacing the
underlying liquid. As time progresses, the liquid accelerates and the wrinkles
grow larger and coarsen. We explain this coarsening quantitatively using
numerical simulations and scaling arguments, and we compare our predictions
with experimental data.Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures. Small edits toaccepted versio
Wrinkling and developable cones in centrally confined sheets
Thin sheets respond to confinement by smoothly wrinkling, or by focusing
stress into small, sharp regions. From engineering to biology, geology,
textiles, and art, thin sheets are packed and confined in a wide variety of
ways, and yet fundamental questions remain about how stresses focus and
patterns form in these structures. Using experiments and molecular dynamics
(MD) simulations, we probe the confinement response of circular sheets,
flattened in their central region and quasi-statically drawn through a ring.
Wrinkles develop in the outer, free region, then are replaced by a truncated
cone, which forms in an abrupt transition to stress focusing. We explore how
the force associated with this event, and the number of wrinkles, depend on
geometry. Additional cones sequentially pattern the sheet, until axisymmetry is
recovered in most geometries. The cone size is sensitive to in-plane geometry.
We uncover a coarse-grained description of this geometric dependence, which
diverges depending on the proximity to the asymptotic d-cone limit, where the
clamp size approaches zero. This work contributes to the characterization of
general confinement of thin sheets, while broadening the understanding of the
d-cone, a fundamental element of stress focusing, as it appears in realistic
settings.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure
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