The Power of Sound Design in a Moving Picture: an Empirical Study with emoTouch for iPad

The art of sound design for a moving picture rests basically on the work experience of pragmatists. This study tries to establish some guidelines on sound design: In an experiment 240 participants gave feedback about their emotions while watching two videos, each combined with four different audio tracks – music, sound effects, full sound design (music and sound effects) and no audio (as the comparative "null" version). Each participant viewed an audiovisual combination once to prevent habituation. The lead author employed a tablet-computer with the emoTouch-application serving as a mapping tool to provide information about the emotional responses. The participants moved a marker on the tablet's touch screen in a two-dimensional rating scale describing their felt immersion and suspense. A 3-factor-ANOVA showed significant increases of the median (and maximum) values of immersion and suspense when the participants listened to music and/ or sound effects. These values were always compared to the induced emotions of the participants who watched the videos with no audio at all. The video with full sound design audio tracks increased the median immersion values up to four times and the median suspense values up to 1.4 times. The median suspense values of the video with either music or sound effects dropped by 40 percent compared to the median suspense values of the null version. In contrast, the median immersion values were increased up to 3.6 times. The findings point to the importance of sound effects in an appropriate mix with music to enhance the viewers induced immersion and suspense

Methodology to Investigate the Transformation Plasticity for Numerical Modelling of Hot Forging Processes

Hot forging is a complex process involving the mutual influence of numerous thermo-mechanical-metallurgical material phenomena. In particular, the strains of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) have a significant influence on the distortions and residual stresses of the components. The TRIP strains refer to the anisotropic strains depending on the orientation and significance of the stress conditions during cooling superimposed to the phase transformation. With the use of numerical models, the impact of this effect can be investigated in order to ensure the production of high quality components. However, an experimental determination of the characteristic values of TRIP is challenging, which is why only few corresponding data are available in the literature. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental and numerical methodology as well as the results of studies on the interaction between stresses and phase transformations in the materials AISI 4140 and AISI 52100. The investigations of the TRIP strains are carried out using hollow specimens, which are thermo-mechanically treated in the physical forming simulator Gleeble 3800-GTC. The specimens are austenitised, quenched to test temperature and held there while diffusion controlled phase transformation takes place. The extent of TRIP as a result of different superimposed tensile or compressive loads is determined by means of dilatometry. In addition, the extent of TRIP for diffusionless martensitic phase transformations was investigated by continuous cooling tests under tensile and compressive loads. It was found that the transformation plasticity varies depending on the material, the phase type, the temperature and the tensile or compressive stresses. Subsequently, simulations of the physical experiments using the FE software Simufact. Forming verified the determined phase specific values of TRIP

Experimental investigations on the interactions between the process parameters of hot forming and the resulting residual stresses in the component

In metal forming, the arising residual stresses influence the material behaviour during manufacturing as well as the performance of the final component. In the past, the focus of forming process design was on minimising or eliminating residual stresses. However, residual stresses can also serve to improve the properties of the components through targeted use, for example with regard to distortions or wear behaviour. For this purpose, knowledge of the interactions between the process parameters of the hot forming process and the resulting residual stresses in the final component is required. In this work, the influences of the process parameters are analysed by means of a reference process of hot forming. In this process, cylindrical specimens with eccentric holes are hot-formed, which leads to an inhomogeneous stress distribution in the material as it occurs in an industrial hot forming process. In the reference process, forming temperature, cooling strategy, forming speed, degree of deformation and steel alloys are varied. It is observed that both, process parameters and material properties, have a significant influence on the resulting residual stresses. Mainly responsible for these phenomena are microstructural effects in the material. As a result of forming at temperatures between 1000 °C and 1200 °C, static and dynamic recrystallisation processes occur, which affect the austenite grain size. The austenite grain size as well as the cooling strategy have a significant influence on the microstructure transformation behaviour, which has a decisive effect on the resulting residual stresses. In addition, the cooling strategy determines whether a diffusion-free phase transformation or a diffusion-controlled phase transformation occurs. At high cooling rates, diffusion-free transformation of the austenitic into the martensitic phase takes place, which leads to severe stresses in the crystal lattice. During diffusion-controlled phase transformation, which occurs during air cooling, comparatively lower residual stresses in the range of zero can be observed

Influence of the Microstructure on Flow Stress and Deformability of Iron-Aluminium Alloys

Due to their higher weight-specific and high-temperature strength, iron-aluminium alloys have a high potential to replace steel in various applications. The good availability of the two materials, the excellent recyclability, lower density with increasing aluminium content and the high corrosion resistance in sulphide- and sulphur-rich environments are further advantages. However, with increasing aluminium content, ductility of FeAl alloys decreases due to hydrogen embrittlement at room temperature. As a result, iron-aluminium alloys have been excluded from potential applications, particularly structural ones. Investigations on powder metallurgical produced iron-aluminium alloys show that fine-grained microstructures can lead to significant improvement in ductility. Assuming equal grain diameters, higher toughness is expected in case of metallurgical ingot production followed by hot forming. The present work deals with the mechanical properties of fine-grained microstructure in iron-rich iron-aluminium alloys, pre-processed through Equal Channel Angular Pressing. In order to characterize the mechanical properties, compression tests with the alloys Fe9AI, Fe28AI and Fe38AI are carried out at different temperatures. The flow curves determined are then compared with those from as-cast state. In addition, deformation capacity is examined optically on slopes of external cracks. In conclusion, the results are discussed based on the microstructure

Investigations on Residual Stresses within Hot-Bulk-Formed Components Using Process Simulation and the Contour Method

Residual stresses resulting from hot-forming processes represent an important aspect of a component’s performance and service life. Considering the whole process chain of hot forming, the integrated heat treatment provided by a defined temperature profile during cooling offers a great potential for the targeted adjustment of the desired residual stress state. Finite element (FE) simulation is a powerful tool for virtual process design aimed at generating a beneficial residual stress profile. The validation of these FE models is typically carried out on the basis of individual surface points, as these are accessible through methods like X-ray diffraction, hole-drilling, or the nanoindentation method. However, especially in bulk forming components, it is important to evaluate the quality of the model based on residual stress data from the volume. For these reasons, in this paper, an FE model which was already validated by near surface X-ray diffraction analyses was used to explain the development of residual stresses in a reference hot forming process for different cooling scenarios. Subsequently, the reference process scenarios were experimentally performed, and the resulting residual stress distributions in the cross-section of the bulk specimens were determined by means of the contour method. These data were used to further validate the numerical simulation of the hot forming process, wherein a good agreement between the contour method and process simulation was observed

N sensor in practical use Experiences and results from the on farm research project

Im Projekt On Farm Research der Landwirtschaftskammer Schleswig-Holstein und der Gutsverwaltung Helmstorf werden in großflächigen Versuchen langjährig Verfahren des teilflächenspezifischen Acker- und Pflanzenbaus erprobt und verglichen. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass die teilflächenspezifische Bewirtschaftung ein erhebliches Maß an technischen, personellen und monetären Voraussetzungen erfordert.Nicht in jedem Fall konnten im bisherigen Projektverlauf wirtschaftliche Vorteile teilflächenspezifischer Bewirtschaftungsstrategien nachgewiesen werden. Das traf auch für die teilflächenspezifische Stickstoffdüngung mittels N-Sensor zu. Der alleinige Online-Ansatz – Bewertung des Stickstoffbedarfes der Pflanzen über den N-Sensor – war nur anteilig erfolgreich. Zukünftig wird eine Verbesserung des Verfahrens der teilflächenspezifischen Stickstoffdüngung über die Kombination von N-Sensor und Ertragspotenzialkarte angestrebt. Auch die Einmaldüngung wird in Zukunft nicht mehr konstant, sondern teilflächenspezifisch am Ertragspotenzial der Teilfläche orientiert, ausgebracht (Map-Overlay-Prinzip).Die inferenzstatistische Bewertung der Ergebnisse zum Vergleich teilflächenspezifischer Bewirtschaftungsverfahren steht im Projekt noch aus. Dies ist bei dem multi­variaten Ansatz „teilflächenspezifisches Produktionsverfahren“ und dem sich daraus ableitenden Erfordernis, die Effekte solcher Einflussgrößen wie zum Beispiel Bodenunterschiede, differenzierte Saatmengen und teilflächen­spezifische Grunddüngung im „System“ zu quantifizieren, nicht einfach.Der vorliegende Beitrag soll auch auf die Probleme solcher komplexer Lösungsansätze, wie sie in der Praxis bei teilflächenspezifischer Bewirtschaftung stattfinden, aufmerksam machen. Hier geht es nicht mehr um den „Erfolg“ monokausaler Ansätze, sondern um den Versuch der Bewertung komplexer Produktionssysteme, die in ihren Einzelbestandteilen auf erfolgreichen Erkenntnissen und „Bestvarianten“ aus Exaktversuchen beruhen. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2014.02.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2014.02.03The Landwirtschaftskammer Schleswig Holstein and the Helmstorf estate are testing precision farming technologies in the framework of the “on farm research project”. Precision farming requires a significant level of technical, human and monetary resources.The economic benefits of precision farming could not be shown in every case within the project; this was also true for site-specific nitrogen fertilization using the N-sensor. Using only the online approach with the N-Sensor was partially successful. Improvements are expected while using the combination of N-sensor and yield potential maps. In future constant fertilization will no longer be applied but based on site-specific yield potential in an offline approach.The statistical evaluation of the results for site specific management against conventional practice is still ongoing. The complex multivariate “site-specific production” approach requires quantifying the effects of additional factors like soil variability, different seed rates and site-specific fertilization.This paper will focus on the problems of complex solutions as they occur in site-specific management. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2014.02.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2014.02.0

Experimental and numerical investigations of the development of residual stresses in thermo-mechanically processed Cr-alloyed steel 1.3505

Residual stresses in components are a central issue in almost every manufacturing process, as they influence the performance of the final part. Regarding hot forming processes, there is a great potential for defining a targeted residual stress state, as many adjustment parameters, such as deformation state or temperature profile, are available that influence residual stresses. To ensure appropriate numerical modeling of residual stresses in hot forming processes, comprehensive material characterization and suitable multiscale Finite Element (FE) simulations are required. In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations of thermo-mechanically processed steel alloy 1.3505 (DIN 100Cr6) are presented that serve as a basis for further optimization of numerically modeled residual stresses. For this purpose, cylindrical upsetting tests at high temperature with subsequently cooling of the parts in the media air or water are carried out. Additionally, the process is simulated on the macroscale and compared to the results based on the experimental investigations. Therefore, the experimentally processed specimens are examined regarding the resulting microstructure, distortions, and residual stresses. For the investigation on a smaller scale, a numerical model is set up based on the state-data of the macroscopic simulation and experiments, simulating the transformation of the microstructure using phase-field theory and FE analysis on micro- and meso-scopic level

Quantitative Expression of C-Type Lectin Receptors in Humans and Mice

C-type lectin receptors, their adaptor molecules and S-type lectins (galectins) are involved in the recognition of glycosylated self-antigens and pathogens. However, little is known about the species- and organ-specific expression profiles of these molecules. We therefore determined the mRNA expression levels of Dectin-1, MR1, MR2, DC-SIGN, Syk, Card-9, Bcl-10, Malt-1, Src, Dec-205, Galectin-1, Tim-3, Trem-1, and DAP-12 in 11 solid organs of human and mice. Mouse organs revealed lower mRNA levels of most molecules compared to spleen. However, Dec-205 and Galectin-1 in thymus, Src in brain, MR2, Card-9, Bcl-10, Src, and Dec-205 in small intestine, MR2, Bcl-10, Src, Galectin-1 in kidney, and Src and Galectin-1 in muscle were at least 2-fold higher expressed compared to spleen. Human lung, liver and heart expressed higher mRNA levels of most genes compared to spleen. Dectin-1, MR1, Syk and Trem-1 mRNA were strongly up-regulated upon ischemia-reperfusion injury in murine kidney. Tim3, DAP-12, Card-9, DC-SIGN and MR2 were further up-regulated during renal fibrosis. Murine kidney showed higher DAP-12, Syk, Card-9 and Dectin-1 mRNA expression during the progression of lupus nephritis. Thus, the organ-, and species-specific expression of C-type lectin receptors and galectins is different between mice and humans which must be considered in the interpretation of related studies

Numerische Prozessauslegung zur gezielten Eigenspannungseinstellung in warmmassivumgeformten Bauteilen unter Berücksichtigung von Makro- und Mikroskala

The aim of this work is the adjustment of an advantageous compressive residual stress profile in hot-formed components by intelligent process control with tailored cooling from the forging heat. The feasibility and potential are demonstrated in a hot forming process in which cylindrical specimen with an eccentric hole are formed at 1000 °C and subsequently cooled in water from the forging heat. Previous work shows that tensile residual stresses occur in the specimen formed in this way from the material 1.3505. Using the presented multi-scale FE models, an alternative process variant is analysed in this work, where advantageous compressive residual stresses can be generated instead of tensile residual stresses through tailored cooling from the forming heat in the specimen. The tailored cooling is achieved by partially exposing the specimen to a water-air spray. In this way, the local plastification can be influenced by inhomogeneous strains due to thermal and transformation-induced effects in order to customise the resulting residual stress distribution. The scientific challenge of this work is to generate different residual stresses in the surface of the specimen without changing the geometrical and microstructural properties. It is demonstrated that influencing the residual stresses and even reversing the stress sign is possible using smart process control during cooling.Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Einstellung eines vorteilhaften Druckeigenspannungsprofils in warmumgeformten Bauteilen durch intelligente Prozessführung mit angepasster Abkühlung aus der Schmiedewärme. Die Machbarkeit und das Potenzial werden an einem Warmumformprozess, bei dem zylindrische Proben mit exzentrischer Bohrung bei 1000 °C umgeformt und anschließend aus der Schmiedewärme im Wasser abgekühlt werden, aufgezeigt. Vorige Arbeiten zeigen, dass sich Zugeigenspannungen in den derartig umgeformten Proben aus dem Material 1.3505 einstellen. Mittels der vorgestellten mehrskaligen FE-Modelle, wird in dieser Arbeit eine alternative Prozessvariante analysiert, mit der vorteilhafte Druckeigenspannungen anstelle von Zugeigenspannungen durch eine angepasste Abkühlung aus der Umformwärme in den Proben erzeugt werden können. Die angepasste Kühlung wird durch eine partielle Beaufschlagung der Proben mit einem Wasser-Luft-Spray erreicht. Auf diese Weise kann die lokale Plastifizierung durch inhomogene Verzerrungen aufgrund thermischer und umwandlungsinduzierter Effekte beeinflusst werden, um letztlich das Eigenspannungsprofil individuell zu gestalten. Die wissenschaftliche Herausforderung dieser Arbeit besteht darin, unterschiedliche Eigenspannungen in der Oberfläche der Proben zu erzeugen, während die geometrischen und mikrostrukturellen Eigenschaften gleichbleiben. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass eine Beeinflussung der Eigenspannungen und sogar die Umkehr des Spannungsvorzeichens allein durch eine geschickte Prozessführung beim Abkühlen möglich ist

GEO-6 assessment for the pan-European region

Through this assessment, the authors and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) secretariat are providing an objective evaluation and analysis of the pan-European environment designed to support environmental decision-making at multiple scales. In this assessment, the judgement of experts is applied to existing knowledge to provide scientifically credible answers to policy-relevant questions. These questions include, but are not limited to the following:• What is happening to the environment in the pan-European region and why?• What are the consequences for the environment and the human population in the pan-European region?• What is being done and how effective is it?• What are the prospects for the environment in the future?• What actions could be taken to achieve a more sustainable future?<br/