EXPLOSIVE LEG STRENGTH OF ELITE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Summary (Abstract): The study was performed in order to determine changes in the level of explosive leg strength in elite basketball players after in a 12-week experimental treatment. The study included 15 basketball players from OKK “Konstantin” in Nis in which they are also participants in a basketball league located in Serbia. The youngest basketball player is 18 and the oldest is 26 years old.  A sample of measuring instruments consisted tests of explosive leg strength: squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump and standing long jump. The experimental program lasted for 12 weeks, from January to March 2015 and during this interval there were 36 training sessions, three sessions per week, for the development of explosive leg strength. In addition to training in the experimental treatment, the basketball players had a regular training through a competitive cycle. Statistical analysis included the basic descriptive parameters (mean value -  mean and standard deviation – St. Dev) and analysis of variance (MANOVA and ANOVA). Analyses of variance were obtained by changes in the final compared to the initial measurement. The results showed statistically significant changes of explosive leg strength r>0.05. It can be concluded that an experimental treatment significantly affect the date skills

MOTOR ABILITIES OF CHILDREN IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

Knowledge of motor skills in young schoolchildren is directly related to the effects of physical education and the development of certain motor skills. During the younger school age, the dynamics of the development change is slower when compared to the development of preschoolers. The general mobility factor which, according to most authors, exists during the pre-school age begins to vary during the first few years of elementary school, and this is precisely the period in which children quickly develop their motor skills. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in the motor abilities of students in urban and rural areas. The sample in this study consisted of fourth-grade elementary school students (N = 120) in the municipality of Vranje. The data processing was carried out with the help of the T-test and X2 test.  What was tested was the explosive strength, speed of movement frequency, repetitive strength of the trunk and flexibility. Each test of motor ability is covered with at least three variables, and in any case, it did not happen that one group had better results in all three variables that are used for the estimation of some motor skills. Students from urban areas showed significantly better results in explosive strength of the upper limbs (MBCM) and the flexibility of the lower extremities (MDPR and MPRS). Students from rural areas showed significantly better results in speed-frequency movements of the arms and legs (MKRR and MKRN) and the repetitive strength of the trunk (MPNL and MZTL). The number of schoolchildren from urban areas who participate in sports is not significantly different from the number of schoolchildren from rural areas who are involved in sports. The difference that occurs in some variables of motor skills is most likely a consequence of specific training in the context of some field of sport, the quality of training in the field, genetics and physical activity during leisure time

KOMPLEKSNI TRENING I SPRINT SPOSOBNOSTI MLADIH KOŠARKAŠA

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of complex training (a combination of weight training and biomechanically similar plyometric jumps) on the sprint abilities.  Young basketball players (N=31, Age=17-18) from OKK "Konstantin" and OKK "Junior" from Nis were divided into two groups: the experimental group (E, n = 16; AVIS = 186,17cm ± 6,50cm; AMAS = 74,75 ± 9,48kg) and control group (K; n = 15; AVIS = 185,15 ± 9,10cm; AMAS = 79,23 ± 11,87kg). The experimental group (E) was made up of the players from basketball team OKK "Konstantin", which in addition to basketball trainings also took part in complex training. The control group (K) was made up of the players from basketball team OKK "Junior", who at that time only took part in basketball trainings. To assess their sprint abilities, three tests were used: the 10x5m Shuttle Test (10x5m), Sprint Fatigue Test (SFT) and Sprint Speed at 15m (S15m). The measurement was done with the help of the photocell "MICROGATE", a parameter which was monitored and the processed time was read in 1/100sec. The experimental program lasted for 12 weeks (2x per week). Data processing was carried out using the SPSS statistical program. To determine the effect of complex training on the sprint abilities of young basketball players, the analysis of covariance ANCOVA was used. The results showed that group E achieved significantly greater progress than group K on the tests: 10x5m and S15m. There was no difference between group E and K on the test SFT. Based on these results we concluded that complex training has positive effects on the development of sprint abilities, as well as on the development of the capacity of changes of direction after a full sprint in young basketball players. However, the aforementioned training method does not lead to improvements in sprint endurance, i.e. it does not lead to an improved index of fatigue.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrde efekti kompleksnog treninga (kombinacija vežbi sa tegovima i biomehanički sličnih pliometrijskih skokova) na sprint sposobnosti mladih košarkaša. Uzorak ispitanika činio je 31 košarkaš juniorskog uzrasta košarkaških klubova OKK "Konstantin" i OKK "Junior" iz Niša. Ispitanici su podeljeni na dve grupe: eksperimentalnu grupu (E; n=16; AVIS=186.17cm±6.50cm; AMAS= 74.75±9.48kg) i kontrolnu grupu (K; n=15; AVIS=185.15±9.10cm; AMAS= 79.23±11.87kg). Eksperimentalnu grupu (E) činili su igrači  košarkaškog kluba OKK "Konstantin", koji su pored tehničko-taktičkih treninga imali i kompleksne treninge. Kontrolnu grupu (K) činili su igrači košarkaškog kluba OKK "Junior", koji su u tom periodu imali samo tehničko-taktičke treninge. Za procenu sprint sposobnosti korišćena su tri testa: 10h5m Shuttle Test (10X5m), Sprint fatigue test (SFT) i Sprinterska brzina na 15m (S15m). Merenje je vršeno uz pomoć foto ćelija "MICROGATE", a parametar koji je praćen i obrađen je vreme očitavano u 1/100sec. Eksperimentalni program, koji podrazumeva primenu kompleksnog treninga, trajao je 12 nedelja (2x nedeljno). Obrada podataka vršena je programom za statistiku SPSS. Za utvrđivanje efekta komkpleksnog treninga na sprint sposobnosti mladih košarkaša korišćena je analiza kovarijanse ANKOVA. Rezultati su pokazali da je E grupa ostvarila statistički značajno veći napredak od K grupe na testovima: 10X5m i S15m. Nije bilo razlike između E i K na testu SFT. Na osnovu ovakvih rezultata zaključili smo da kompleksni trening u trajanju od 12 nedelja (2x nedeljno) ima pozitivne efekte na razvoj sposobnosti sprintanja, kao i na razvoj sposobnosti promene pravca kretanja nakon punog sprinta kod mladih košarkaša. Međutim, pomenuti trenažni metod ne dovodi do poboljšanja sprinterske izdržljivosti, odnosno ne dovodi do poboljšanja fatigue index-a

SPORTS IN BORDERLANDS: BOGOSAV ĐURĐANOVIĆ ABOUT SPORT AND EDUCATIONAL WORK (KLADOVO)

The work was created out of necessity to clearly expose social problems related to sports, as well as the mode of social life production, in the economically devastated border regions of eastern Serbia, seen from a micro sociological perspective. Long-term demographic changes, the transition problems and existential difficulties in contemporary Serbian society, have greatly impaired the image of the social status of the sport participants compared to other parts of the Balkans. Starting from the issue: whether the sporting events in the borderlands are integration factors, or are they just a product of global integration processes? The authors are make an attempt to analyze the meaning of sport in the borderlands from the perspective of sports teachers (actors in the sport) based on Bogosav Đurđanović telling about his experience as a teacher and sport player, as well as a resident of Kladovo. Analysis of the data obtained in an interview, modestly point out the importance of subjective experiences related to sport and its social function within the education sub-system and beyond. The obtained test results confirm that the sport experience only in conjunction with the energy of the younger generation, contributes to the progress of social development of the borderlands, but not only does it contribute to the social reputation of sports educators, but to the participants (actors) in the sport as well. A special emphasis of the work was made also in the description of the individual and collective achievements of our respondent (awards, medals, cups, etc.). This confirmed him as a role model in the field of sport and teacher in the borderlands of Eastern Serbia. In this thesis we have applied a qualitative style research - In-depth interview - as methodologically useful research tool in the field tests

Physical Activity in Adolescent with Mental Retardation: Is Adapted Basketball Training Adequate Stimulus to Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Sport Skills Performance?

© 2017 Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an adapted basketball training program on the cardiorespiratory fitness and sport skills performance of adolescents with mental retardation (MR). Fifty adolescents with mild MR who participated in this study were divided in two groups. Experimental group (n = 25; mean ± SD age: 15.7 ± 0.9 years) performed the adapted training program, four times per week during eight weeks. A control group (n = 25; mean ± SD age: 15.9 ± 0.8 years) followed ordinary physical education classes and continued with their normal lifestyle. Exercise testing included the six-minute walk test (6MWT), monitoring of heart rate frequency and sport skills performance test battery. Results showed a significant difference between groups pre- A nd post-treatment in 6MWT distance. The experimental group experienced a 10% increase in covered distance pre-to post-testing (p < 0.05), whereas controls had no significant changes in the same period. Conducted adapted training also resulted in significant improvement in examined sport skills performance. However, this kind and duration of experimental procedure did not result in significant differences in anthropometric variables and heart rate frequency. This study demonstrated that adapted basketball training is an adequate stimulus for improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and sport skills performance of adolescents with mild MR. The advantage of this type of adaptive training program is that it does not require a large financial input, but only the engagement of a qualified and dedicated physical education professor

Physical Activity in Adolescent with Mental Retardation: Is Adapted Basketball Training Adequate Stimulus to Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Sport Skills Performance?

© 2017 Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an adapted basketball training program on the cardiorespiratory fitness and sport skills performance of adolescents with mental retardation (MR). Fifty adolescents with mild MR who participated in this study were divided in two groups. Experimental group (n = 25; mean ± SD age: 15.7 ± 0.9 years) performed the adapted training program, four times per week during eight weeks. A control group (n = 25; mean ± SD age: 15.9 ± 0.8 years) followed ordinary physical education classes and continued with their normal lifestyle. Exercise testing included the six-minute walk test (6MWT), monitoring of heart rate frequency and sport skills performance test battery. Results showed a significant difference between groups pre- A nd post-treatment in 6MWT distance. The experimental group experienced a 10% increase in covered distance pre-to post-testing (p < 0.05), whereas controls had no significant changes in the same period. Conducted adapted training also resulted in significant improvement in examined sport skills performance. However, this kind and duration of experimental procedure did not result in significant differences in anthropometric variables and heart rate frequency. This study demonstrated that adapted basketball training is an adequate stimulus for improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and sport skills performance of adolescents with mild MR. The advantage of this type of adaptive training program is that it does not require a large financial input, but only the engagement of a qualified and dedicated physical education professor

The Role of Nucleases Cleaving TLR3, TLR7/8 and TLR9 Ligands, Dicer RNase and miRNA/piRNA Proteins in Functional Adaptation to the Immune Escape and Xenophagy of Prostate Cancer Tissue

The prototypic sensors for the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Unusually high expression of TLRs in prostate carcinoma (PC), associated with less differentiated, more aggressive and more propagating forms of PC, changed the previous paradigm about the role of TLRs strictly in immune defense system. Our data reveal an entirely novel role of nucleic acids-sensing Toll-like receptors (NA-TLRs) in functional adaptation of malignant cells for supply and digestion of surrounding metabolic substrates from dead cells as specific mechanism of cancer cells survival, by corresponding ligands accelerated degradation and purine/pyrimidine salvage pathway. The spectrophotometric measurement protocols used for the determination of the activity of RNases and DNase II have been optimized in our laboratory as well as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent method for the determination of NF-κB p65 in prostate tissue samples. The protocols used to determine Dicer RNase, AGO2, TARBP2 and PIWIL4 were based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The amount of pre-existing acid-soluble oligonucleotides was measured and expressed as coefficient of absorbance. The activities of acid DNase II and RNase T2, and the activities of nucleases cleaving TLR3, TLR7/8 and TLR9 ligands (Poly I:C, poly U and unmethylated CpG), increased several times in PC, compared to the corresponding tumor adjacent and control tissue, exerting very high sensitivity and specificity of above 90%. Consequently higher levels of hypoxanthine and NF-κB p65 were reported in PC, whereas the opposite results were observed for miRNA biogenesis enzyme (Dicer RNase), miRNA processing protein (TARB2), miRNA-induced silencing complex protein (Argonaute-AGO) and PIWI-interacting RNAs silence transposon. Considering the crucial role of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides as energy carriers, subunits of nucleic acids and nucleotide cofactors, future explorations will be aimed to design novel anti-cancer immune strategies based on a specific acid endolysosomal nuclease inhibition