Retorikos genezė iš justum et aequum dualizmo: teisės ir retorikos sąsajos.

Rhetoric and law have closely and firmly related historical roots what is proved by the genesis of rhetoric itself according to which a lawyer can really "act" in a court only using his speech abilities. Law and rhetoric are related through a concept of a case as well. Rhetoric in Ancient Greece has appeared under the circumstances of democracy when there emerged possibilities that gave rights and freedom of speech in explaining and interpretation of the law norms and in persuading one’s listeners such way. The young and rebellious thought of an educated and unprejudiced Greek and his freedom to believe in gods were not restricted by any dogmas or catechisms, moreover he did not recognized an unconditional obedience to truth without proof and verification of it in general. The truth of every person is different and thus this can be argued. The key point of all matters is a person but not a dogma. This has generated a juridical dualism rheton kai dianoia what was translated by Romans as justum et aequum (law and justice). It is shown in the article that citizens can search for the truth only when they are free, and the unity of justum et aequum is important in all times. When one turns away from the human rights, the true content of justice, and when the force of the state becomes an essence of justice, then rhetoric (i.e. evaluation, explanation, interpreting of juridical discourse, searching for relation of norms to the moral values, efforts of persuasion) becomes unnecessary for a lawyer. The moral principles of rhetoric, raised by A. Volanas and the other lawyers of renaissance, were based on the norms of classic rhetoric. These principles ought to become a measure of public speeches of contemporary jurists. As a matter of fact, under conditions of young democracy Lithuania still faces the same problem of relation between law and justice.Straipsnio įvade pateikiama teisinio dualizmo justum et aequum, iš kurio ir atsirado retorika, samprata. Jame apžvelgiami pagrindiniai žymaus XVI a. Lietuvos teisininko A. Volano retoriniai veikalai. Pirmajame skyriuje A. Volano diskursas analizuojamas teisės ir teisingumo vienovės požiūriu, o antrajame - keliama gero piliečio (vir bonus), aprašyto A. Volano veikaluose, klasikinės retorikos tradicijos tąsa. Klasikinės retorikos, taip pat ant jos pamatų išaugusiuose Renesanso laikų A. Volano ir kitų teisininkų veikaluose išsakytos mintys, iškeltieji moraliniai retorikos principai galėtų būti šių dienų viešųjų teisininkų kalbų matas. Iš tiesų, šiais laikais jaunos demokratijos sąlygomis Lietuvoje nuolat iškyla ta pati teisės ir teisingumo justum et aequumy santykio problema

Dėl autoriteto ir garsenybės sąvokų vartosenos žiniasklaidoje

This article analyses the inappropriate use in the media of such concepts as autoritetas (authority) and garsenybė (celebrity). In recent years we have seen the media lump together positive and negative assessments of concepts expressing the worth of individuals. They have been using the same words – which formerly had only a clearly positive value – authority, celebrity and personality to refer to both respectable well-known people and the worst criminals; even perhaps to the latter more often. When this happens, two logically incompatible items (a criminal and a genuine authority or celebrity) are fused into one descriptor, thereby violating the normal semantic collocability of the words. This situation is brought about by clashes of values that come about in the language users’ consciousness and thinking when the distinction between good and bad, honour and dishonour is eroded as the formerly prestigious words honour, glory, greatness, heroism, etc. begin to lose their primary meaning. The so-called authorities and celebrities in the criminal world do not meet the criteria that are usually applied to ‘authorities’: they are not universally acclaimed individuals, their opinions are of no importance to the nation, they have not earned any respect. They have become ‘celebrities’ only thanks to the media. If media writers want to apply such epithets to criminals in a sarcastic way, jokingly, it would be appropriate to put the word authority or celebrity between inverted commas. The inverted commas would serve to protect the real value of these concepts, acting as a barrier to defend these words against demoralisation and devaluation. People who use language in public positions should choose their words particularly responsibly, since by repeatedly making inappropriate stereotypical statements they can transfer their concept of truth and justice into the listener’s or reader’s mind

Ž. Liauksminas' moderation of style eloquence

A famous 17th century professor of rhetoric Žygimantas Liauksminas' work "Praxis oratoria et praecepta artis rhetoricae" has been referred in encyclopedias of European literature as the book advocating moderate style. Although this period signified extravagance of style, the author tried to tame this kind of style by the "Nucleus of Dialectics" or the rules of logic. He taught his students to think their own thoughts, to speak clearly, in an understandable way and not to abuse other authors' quotations. The mentioned work includes Liauksminas' practical work – panegyric to the king of Poland and Great Lithuanian Principality Vladislov IV Vaza on the occasion of victory against Moscow. The panegyric analyzed in the article differs greatly from his contemporary Vilnius University professor M. K. Sarbievijus' works of the same genre. There is no confusion, abundant images, and allusions to the Bible and mythology what is characteristic of baroque and what makes the impression of stylistic dissonance. The article focuses on four factors revealing Liauksminas' moderation of style eloquence: natural language composition, a trope of antithesis supporting the idea of dialectics, coherent and moderate speech in periods, and the author's wisdom presented in concise sententious utterances. Ž. Liauksminas maintained tradition of classical rhetoric in Lithuania and he did not let deviate from it to bizarre style as it happened in Polan

Frazeologinis diskursas : manipuliacijos ir kalbos žaidimų galimybės

Straipsnyje aptariamas ir rašytinės, ir sakytinės kalbos formų frazeologinis diskursas. Diskurso terminas suprantamas kaip įvairių profesijų atstovų (žurnalistų, politikų, teisininkų, reklamos kūrėjų) bendravimas plačiąja prasme – aptariami socialiniai pašnekovų vaidmenys, jų motyvai, intencijos, tikslai, ketinimai, nuostatos, kalbinis ir nekalbinis elgesys. Aiškinantis tokius diskursus, dažniausiai aptariami atvejai, kai pažeidžiamos teisės ar etikos normos. Straipsnio tikslas – pamėginti pateikti bent keletą frazeologinio diskurso aiškinimo ir argumentavimo schemų, būdų ar modelių, kuriais kaip teoriniu pamatu būtų galima vadovautis realios ekspertizės atvejais Reikšminiai žodžiai: Diskursas; Ekspertizė; Ekspertologija; Frazeologija; Frazeologinis diskursas; Kalbos žaidimas; Retorika; Socialinis vaidmuo; Stilistika; Discourse; Expertise; Expertology; Linguistic game; Phraseological discourse; Phraseology; Rhetoric; Social role; StylisticsThe article discusses phraseological discourse of both written and spoken language forms. The term of discourse is understood as communication of representatives of different professions (journalists, politicians, lawyers, advertising creators) in broad sense - social roles of speakers, their motives, intentions, purposes, plans, attitudes, language and non-language behaviour are discussed. When examining this type of discourses, usually cases of violation of law or ethics are discussed. The article is aimed at attempting to present at least several schemes, modes or models of interpretation and reasoning of phraseological discourse, which as theoretical foundation could be referred to in real expert examination cases

Gimtosios kalbos vadovėlis - tautos dorovinių vertybių ugdytojas : rec. kn.: Čepaitienė G., Župerka K. Lietuvių kalba: vadovėlis XI-XII klasei.

Straipsnyje aptariamas Šiaulių universiteto profesorių Giedrės Čepaitienės ir Kazimiero Župerkos lietuvių kalbos vadovėlis, skirtas 11-12 klasei. Straipsnio autorė pabrėžia, kad išsakytos mintys apie vadovėlį nėra recenzija, o tik labai individualios vadovėlio tekstų apie gimtąją kalbą interpretacijos. Kalba tuose dažniausiai grožinės literatūros tekstuose įvardijama metaforomis. M. Daukša gimtąją kalbą pirmasis pavadino motina, su kuria sieja kraujo ryšiai. Ši kalbos metafora lietuvių kūryboje vartojama bene dažniausiai. Kitas per keturis šimtus metų pasikartojantis kraujo ryšys: kalba - mylima sesutė. Taip pat aptariamos ir kitos dažniau ar rečiau sutinkamos kalbos - duonos, kalbos - etninės ir tautinės kultūros saugyklos metaforos. Straipsnio pabaigoje autorė teigia, kad kalba nėra vien susikalbėjimo priemonė ar koks įrankis, kad joje slypi tautos istorija, politinės peripetijos, gilioji tautos dorovinė kultūra.The article discusses the handbook of the Lithuanian language for the 11th – 12th forms, compiled by Giedrė Čepaitienė and Kazimieras Župerka, professors at the University of Šiauliai. The author of the article stresses that her ideas of the handbook are not a review, but rather very individual interpretations of the texts about the native language, contained in the handbook. The language in the texts, which mostly belong to the genre of fiction, is presented in metaphors. M. Daukša was the first one to call the native language his mother, with whom he is related by blood. The metaphor for language is very frequently used in Lithuanian writings. Another blood relation metaphor, which is repeated throughout four hundred years: language as a beloved sister. Other metaphors of the language as bread, language as the treasury of ethnic and national culture are also discussed. At the end of the article the author states that language is not solely a tool for communication, it stores the history of the nation, political peripeteia and deep moral culture of the nation

Skoliniai teismų oratorių kalboje

A lawyer, similar to any user of the language for specific purposes, uses a legal language. Jargon lexicon of criminal layers (so-called criminonyms) is not characteristic of the lawyer. However, sometimes it is an inseparable part of the language used by a certain “caste”. It may be stated that the jargon is a secret code of mutual communication for closed social layers, riddles of their speech that try to mask and separate from other social layers, especially from “strangers” – wardens, investigators, etc. The lawyer sometimes has to decode that jargon and to understand the meanings of the words used in the jargon. There is no Lithuanian jargon dictionary yet. Therefore, the article analyses examples from the Great Jargon Dictionary of the Russian Language and The Russian Slang Dictionary. Jargon lexicon is discussed in the article in detail. However, the author states that the analysed jargon lexicon is used in speeches of court orators very rarely and is justified only when it has a motivated purpose: helps to present authentic words of another person; to individualize and epitomize the accused or a witness; to show the social environment which he/she is from; to rally or to evaluate critically; to arouse pity or sympathy. Those cases when the ambiguous speaking using paronyms and homonyms harms the style, when similarly or identically sounding words are confused

Search for Mature Lithuanian Citizen in Politicians' Speeches

Straipsnyje kalbama apie XVI a. Lietuvos DK piliečio viziją Andriaus Volano politinėje retorikoje, lyginant ją su dabartinių laikų viešosios kalbos autoriaus, vieno iš valdžios reprezentantų, gero piliečio paieškomis. Pasirinkta proginė Seimo Pirmininko kalba, pasakyta 2006 metais kovo 11-ąją Seime, retoriniu požiūriu yra panašaus žanro kaip ir A. Volano kalba Senatui. Abu adresantai teisininkai politikai, panašus adresatas – A. Volano kalboje ne tik Senatas, bet ir visa civilinė piliečių bendruomenė (orig.: in hac civili hominum consociatione), Seimo Pirmininko kalboje – ne tik Seimas, Vyriausybės nariai, teismų atstovai ir kiti šventėje dalyvavę svečiai, bet ir Lietuvos žmonės, klausantys kalbos per radiją ir televiziją. Panašios kalbėtojų intencijos, panašios keliamos problemos. Straipsnyje remiamasi platesniu A. Volano kūrybos kontekstu: kalba Senatui yra dažnai straipsnyje cituojamo kito jo veikalo „Apie politinę ir pilietinę laisvę“ minčių pakartojimas ir tąsa. Pilietinių asmens dorybių dabar itin stokojama, todėl vis dažniau atsigręžiama į konservatyviąsias vertybes. Kaip ir A. Volano veikaluose, Seimo Pirmininko kalboje akcentuojama valdžios žmonių atsakomybė: jeigu visuomenė nematys gero piliečio pavyzdžio politiko asmenyje, jeigu praras viltį dėl valdžios žmonių moralės, ji pati negalės būti pilietinė. Seimo Pirmininkas šventinėje kalboje nesistengia kalbėti gražiai, atvirai vardija pilietinio ir politinio gyvenimo skaudulius. Tai naujo stiliaus politinė retorika po nepriklausomybės atgavimo Lietuvoje, pranašaujanti galimas permainas visoje sistemoje.This article is about the vision of the 21st century Lithuanian citizen in the political rhetoric of Andrius Volanas, comparing it to the search for a modern-times speechwriter, one of the authorities’ representatives, a good citizen. A speech by the Speaker of the Seimas, delivered on 11 March 2006 in the Seimas, was selected. From a rhetorical point of view, it is of a similar genre as A. Volanas's speech in the Senate. Both speechmakers are lawyers and politicians and their audience is similar: the audience in A. Volanas's speech was not only the Senate but also the entire civic society community, in the speech of the Speaker of the Seimas – it was not only the Seimas, but also members of the Government, representatives of the courts, and other guests, as well as the people of Lithuania, listening to the speech on the media. The intentions and the problems raised in the speeches are similar. There is a particular lack of civic virtue, which is why more and more often we turn to Conservative values. Just like in A. Volanas's works, the speech of the Seimas Speaker accentuates the responsibility of those in power: If society does not see an example of a good citizen in a politician, if it loses the hope about the morale of the people in power, it will not be able to be a civic society. In his celebratory speech, the Speaker of the Seimas did not try to speak nicely; he openly recited the sores of the civic and political life. This is a new style of political rhetoric after the restoration of independence in Lithuania, which may mean possible changes in the entire system

National consciousness of Vilnius intellectuals between two rebellions: rhetorical exposures

The period between two rebellions (from 1831 to 1863) is chosen to highlight the national consciousness of Vilnius intellectuals. This is the period after the conflagration of the first rebellion had already died down and before the repercussions of the second rebellion had become very intense. The article discusses how the staff and supporters of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission (VTAC) and of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities (VMA) – both at that time functioned in the buildings of the closed Vilnius University – understood both the situation of the Lithuanian language and what it means to be a Lithuanian. Along with paganism, the Lithuanian language had been lost for a long time – it survived only as a folk language; also, the union with Poland caused a shift to Polish language use generally. Though it may seem paradoxical, the members of VTAC spoke and wrote in Polish, but felt themselves to be Lithuanian and perceived the Lithuanian language not as a museum artifact, but as a living language still used by ethnic Lithuanians. They acknowledged that the Lithuanian language is not only the language of peasants, but also was the language of the dukes and the magnates of the early historical Lithuania – they knew that the names of Lithuanian dukes were purely Lithuanian and had originated from and in the Lithuanian language. Moreover, they were favorably disposed to the first intellectual works then appearing and written in the Lithuanian language. Both the author’s discussion of national and civil self-perception and her negation of the myth of the alleged “Polishness” of Vilnius intellectuals are mostly based on an analysis of the latter’s own texts. The rhetorical legacy of Vilnius intellectuals (letters, occasional speeches, mostly poetical texts) shows their feeling of national identity and its roots; their love for “the holy Lithuania, the native land”; and their concern to collect and to prot

Two dedications about Donelaitis : from Rhesa to Tetzner

Motyvų skelbti XIX a. Liudviko Rėzos ir Franco Tecnerio dedikacijas ir jų vertimus buvo keletas. Problema ta, kad ligi šiol į šiuos kūrinius nė karto nebuvo pažiūrėta atidesniu žvilgsniu. Švenčiant 300-ąsias Donelaičio gimimo metines per pranešimus tarptautinėse konferencijose norėta akademinei universitetų bendruomenei paskleisti naujų žinių apie poetą ir prikelti iš užmaršties šiuos proginės retorinės kūrybos reliktus, prisodrintus įdomios ir naudingos informacijos apie vainikuotą „poetų karalių“ Donelaitį, jo kūrybos vertę ir lietuvininkų būdą Mažojoje Lietuvoje. Ir Rėzos, ir Tecnerio dedikacijose darbšti, gyvybinga, dora lietuviškai šnekanti Donelaičio gentis (Zauerveinas ją vadina švelniu deminutyvu giminėlė), nors vilko sunkią baudžiavos naštą, mokėjo džiaugtis jai skirta būtimi.Here are two 19th century dedications directly associated with the name of Kristijonas Donelaitis and written by Martin Ludwig Rhesa and Franz Oskar Tetzner. There are several reasons for publishing them with their translations into Lithuanian. These dedications are interesting as original texts filled with useful information about Donelaitis himself; the response to, and evaluation of, his work; and the situation of the Lithuanian language and its speakers in 19th century Lithuania Minor. During the 300th anniversary of his birth it was deemed appropriate to acquaint the academic public with new data related to Donelaitis and to call attention to these remnants of occasional rhetorical literature now rarely remembered and almost forgotten. Both dedications frame the 19th century and extend the public literary life of Kristijonas Donelaitis; they fill in the picture of the “king of poets” and his human character as well as recall the way of life and customs of these “virtuous and industrious” Lithuanians who once lived along the shores of the poet’s native Rominta River