Study on the Effect of Different Urea Fertilizer Rates and Plant Populations on the Severity of Bacterial Blight (BB) of Rice

To study the effect of different urea fertilizer rates and plant populations on disease severity of bacterial blight of rice and yield lasses related to disease, the experiments including three plant populations (110000, 150000, 190000) and five urea fertilizer rates (0,56 lb, 112 lb, 168 lb and 224 lb per acre) were conducted at Central Agriculture Research Institute farm in 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons. Manawthukha was used as a test variety that is susceptible to bacterial blight of rice. The disease severity could be increased by the application of urea. Although urea 112 lb per acre gave moderate disease severity than without urea, its yield is highest. The higher disease severity also showed the related effect of plant population of 150000 and above. However the combination of urea 224 lb per acre with the population of 190000 and 150000 gave the highest severity of bacterial blight disease and the minimum grain yield. The application of urea 224 lbs per acre can cause yield reduction ranging from 18.67 percent to 27.57 percent over the application of urea 112 lb per acre

Geographical disparities and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Myanmar: analysis of the 2015-2016 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey

Anaemia is a significant public heath challenge in Myanmar. In 2015-2016, the first demographic and health survey was done in Myanmar, and showed that almost half of all pregnant women and anaemia

Investigation on the Characterization of Thitsi for Lacquerware Processing

The oleo-resin of Thitsi tree (Melanorrhoea usitata) is obtained by tapping the trees in many of the forests of Myanmar. Thitsi samples were collected from Kaingtaung, Mabain and Yaksawk Toawnships, Shan State during October and November. The physico-chemical characteristics of raw and purified Thitsi such as colour, odour, ash, viscosity, boiling range, pH and specific gravity were determined. Moreover, chemical constituents such as moisture and volatile matter, thitsiol, nitrogenous matter, gummy matter and fatty or oily matter were also investigated. In order to get kurome lacquer (purified lacquer), Thitsi were purified, firstly prepolymerized with make-shift homogenizer and followed by filtration and their physico-chemical characteristics and chemical constituents were studied again. Various functional groups of thitsiol were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and elemental compositions of Thitsi were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. Bamboo lacquerwares were prepared by applying raw and purified Thitsi severally and hardened in the underground cellar by polymerization process. Effect of number of coating on the hardening time of Thitsi-coat on bamboo substrates were investigated at the relative humidity (70–87)% and the temperature (27.1–31.8)ºC of underground cellar. Thisi, the very natural eco-friendly sap, could be significantly enhanced its characteristics by purifying it

A review of the studies on pteropods from the northern Indian Ocean region with a report on the pteropods of Irrawaddy continental shelf off Myanmar (Burma)

384-398Ever since the Challenger Expedition the Indian Ocean pteropods have been recognized as important constituents of biogenic flux. Initially they were of interest only to biologists or the fishery departments and their distribution was studied only in plankton tow samples. Over the past three decades micropalaeontologists have paid attention to investigate pteropods from water and sediment samples to understand their distribution and ecological significance. Since then substantial work has been reported in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, northern Arabian Sea, along west coast of India and around the Andaman Nicobar Archipelago. Work has neither been attempted in the Bay of Bengal nor in the northern Andaman Sea. These aragonitic microfossils have proved to be reliable indicators of bathymetry, productivity, upwelling, current circulation, intensity of Aragonite Compensation Depths, Oxygen Minimum Zone and monsoons, thus very useful in palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Works on its counterparts such as foraminifers and ostracods have been reviewed earlier and this is the first time a review of the pteropod studies in the northern Indian Ocean is being attempted, in view of the vast data generated in this region. The pteropod assemblages from two cores collected on the Irrawaddy continental shelf, in the northern Andaman Sea is also reported for the first time. The downcore distribution of pteropods suggests that no significant sea level change has occurred over the past ~1280 Cal yrs

Spatial Variation of Socio-economic Activities and Settlement Relocation in Pandaw Model Village, Kyauktan Township

Socio-economic study is not a new topic in the discipline of social sciences including geography. However, most studies focus on the variation of socio-economic conditions at regional and district levels. This is because census data are readily available at this level. In this paper, intra-village level variation of social economic conditions is analysed with the aim to assess the benefit and cost of settlement relocation with reference to Pandaw Model Village. Pandaw Model Village includes two settlement areas: clustered and dispersed. Socio-economic data of the study area were derived from official statistics and two intensive field surveys and structured interviews. The results found that there show great socio-economic variations between two settlement areas. From the point of socioeconomic variation and physical environment, if dispersed settlements are relocated in clustered areas, the village will benefit from the scale of economic and social welfare. On the other hand, fuel and water supply problems will be encountered

Ageing and gonadectomy have similar effects on hypoglossal long-term facilitation in male Fischer rats

Long-term facilitation (LTF), a form of serotonin-dependent respiratory plasticity induced by intermittent hypoxia, decreases with increasing age or following gonadectomy in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Ageing is accompanied by decreasing levels of testosterone, which in turn influences serotonergic function. In addition, LTF in young male rats differs among strains. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that LTF is similar in middle-aged and gonadectomized young male rats of an inbred rat strain commonly used in studies on ageing (F344) by comparison with SD rats. We further tested whether the magnitude of LTF correlates with circulating serum levels of testosterone and/or progesterone. Young and middle-aged intact and young gonadectomized (GDX) male Fischer 344 rats were anaesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked and ventilated. Integrated phrenic and hypoglossal (XII) nerve activities were measured before, during and 60 min following three 5-min episodes of isocapnic hypoxia. LTF was observed in phrenic motor output in young and middle-aged intact and young GDX rats. In contrast, XII LTF was observed only in young intact rats. In middle-aged and young GDX rats, XII LTF was significantly lower than in young intact rats (P < 0.05). Furthermore, XII LTF was positively correlated with the testosterone/progesterone ratio. These data show that serotonin-dependent plasticity in upper airway respiratory output is similar in F344 and SD rat strains. Furthermore, LTF is similarly impaired in middle-aged and gonadectomized male rats, suggesting that gonadal hormones play an important role in modulating the capacity for neuroplasticity in upper airway motor control